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Cytokeratin 19 and cytokeratin 15 are key markers for monitoring the quality and self-renewing potential of engineered skin.

SOX9 helps determine stem cell roles by interacting with DNA and proteins that control gene activity.

The safety and effectiveness of gender-affirming treatments for children are uncertain, with potential long-term risks like infertility.

Different light affects cell functions and can help treat skin conditions.

Skin stem cells can help improve skin repair and regeneration.

Understanding the genetics of rare inherited ichthyosis syndromes is key for better treatments and genetic counseling.

In 2011, there were major scientific breakthroughs in cancer treatment, immunity, Parkinson's, virus simulation, schizophrenia, hair growth, lung cancer, and medical grafts.

Miniaturized hairs stay connected to muscle in alopecia areata, allowing possible regrowth, but not in androgenetic alopecia.

Understanding keratinization is crucial for treating skin conditions like ichthyoses and psoriasis.

The conclusion is that genetic changes in the glucocorticoid receptor can lead to conditions affecting stress response, immunity, and metabolism, requiring personalized treatment.

Cooling the scalp may prevent hair loss from chemotherapy, hair often grows back after treatment, and nail issues usually improve after stopping the drug.

DHT's role in hair loss is important, but measuring its level for diagnosis is questionable.

Antiandrogens and androgen inhibitors like spironolactone, finasteride, and dutasteride can treat hair loss and skin conditions, but they have risks and side effects, including potential harm to pregnant women and risks of cancer and heart issues. Herbal remedies also have antiandrogenic effects but lack safety validation.

Male and female skin differ due to hormones, affecting conditions like hair loss, acne, and skin cancer, and suggesting a need for gender-specific treatments.

A new mutation in the CYP11B1 gene was found in a woman with mild hyperandrogenemia, a rare cause of non-classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

Testing for CAG repeat polymorphism in the androgen receptor gene is not currently recommended for managing hypogonadism.

Hair loss and aging are caused by the breakdown of a key protein in hair stem cells.

Environmental factors can cause mutations in skin proteins, leading to skin disorders.

The document concludes that over 500 genes are linked to hair disorders and this knowledge is important for creating new treatments.

Collagen XVII is important for skin aging and wound healing.

NcoA4 may have roles beyond helping control gene activity, possibly affecting cell behavior and stability.

The document concludes that while some organisms can regenerate body parts, mammals generally cannot, and cancer progression is complex, involving mutations rather than a strict stem cell hierarchy.

Light microscopy is useful for diagnosing different hair disorders.

Hard skin features like scales, feathers, and hair evolved through specific protein changes in different animal groups.

Certain gene variations are linked to better memory in healthy Chinese women.

Gene therapy shows promise for treating skin disorders and cancer, but faces technical challenges.

Progranulin overexpression leads to shorter, thinner hair and increased cell death in mouse hair follicles.

Adrenal disorders can cause lasting brain and behavior issues in children.

Alopecia areata is a hair loss condition caused by immune factors and can be treated with JAK inhibitors.

Activating Nrf2 can help protect against hearing loss.