Adrenal Disorders and the Pediatric Brain: Pathophysiological Considerations and Clinical Implications

The document from 2014 examines the neurological and psychiatric effects of adrenal disorders in children, particularly focusing on the influence of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and catecholamines on the developing nervous system. It reports that children with Cushing syndrome may suffer from persistent cognitive deficits and abnormal behavior post-treatment, and that excessive glucocorticoid replacement can lead to neurological issues and MRI changes. The paper also discusses the potential link between adrenal function and cerebrospinal fluid pressure regulation, as well as the neurological effects of hypertension from adrenal tumors. It stresses the vulnerability of the developing CNS to hormonal imbalances and the need for further research on the long-term effects of corticosteroids. Additionally, the document reviews various genetic forms of adrenal insufficiency and their neurological implications, the role of hyperaldosteronism in idiopathic intracranial hypertension, and the impact of catecholamine-secreting tumors on the pediatric brain. It underscores the importance of early recognition of these conditions for effective treatment and management, and the critical role of adrenal hormones in the development of the nervous system.