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GlossaryMHC Class II (MHC II)

molecules on immune cells presenting antigens to T-helper cells

MHC Class II, or Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II, are molecules found on the surface of certain immune cells, such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells. They play a crucial role in the immune system by presenting foreign antigens to T-helper cells, which then activate other immune responses to fight off infections.

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research Human Hair Follicle-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from the Lower Dermal Sheath as a Competitive Alternative for Immunomodulation

7 citations, January 2022 in “Biomedicines”

Cells from the lower part of hair follicles are a promising, less invasive option for immune system therapies.

research The Function and Structure of the Skin

4 citations, November 2014

The skin protects the body, regulates temperature, senses touch, and makes vitamin D.

Tyrosine Kinase 2 Inhibition Ameliorates the Phenotype of Lesional Alopecia Areata Scalp Skin Ex Vivo, and Reverses the Induction of Human Alopecia Areata in a Humanized Mouse Model

research Tyrosine Kinase 2 Inhibition Ameliorates the Phenotype of Lesional Alopecia Areata Scalp Skin Ex Vivo, and Reverses the Induction of Human Alopecia Areata in a Humanized Mouse Model

November 2022 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

TYK2 inhibition may help treat alopecia areata by promoting hair growth and reducing immune response.

research Selective Inhibition of Tyrosine Kinase 2 Prevents and Restores Interleukin-12-Induced Hair Follicle Immune Privilege Collapse: A Novel Approach to Alopecia Areata Therapy?

October 2021 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Blocking IL-12 can help treat alopecia areata by preventing hair follicle immune issues.

research Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) May Award Relative Protection from Interferon-γ-Induced Collapse of Human Hair Follicle Immune Privilege

47 citations, December 2011 in “Experimental Dermatology”

CGRP may help protect hair follicles from immune system attacks, potentially slowing hair loss.

research UVB-Induced Depletion of Donor-Derived Dendritic Cells Prevents Allograft Rejection of Immune-Privileged Hair Follicles in Humanized Mice

6 citations, November 2018 in “American journal of transplantation”

UV light helped human hair transplants survive in mice without broad immunosuppression.

research Effects of Cyclosporine A on Clinical and Histologic Abnormalities in Dogs with Sebaceous Adenitis

34 citations, January 2005 in “Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association”

Cyclosporine A can reduce inflammation in dogs with sebaceous adenitis, but ongoing treatment is needed.

research Alopecia Areata: A Review of the Role of Oxidative Stress, Possible Biomarkers, and Potential Novel Therapeutic Approaches

15 citations, January 2023 in “Antioxidants”

Oxidative stress plays a significant role in alopecia areata, and new treatments may include JAK inhibitors and antioxidants.

research Single-Cell Transcriptomics Reveals a Senescence-Associated IL-6/CCR6 Axis Driving Radiodermatitis

9 citations, July 2022 in “EMBO molecular medicine”

Blocking certain immune signals can reduce skin damage from radiation therapy.

Selective Delivery of Tofacitinib Citrate to Hair Follicles Using Lipid-Coated Calcium Carbonate Nanocarriers Controls Chemotherapy-Induced Alopecia Areata

research Selective Delivery of Tofacitinib Citrate to Hair Follicles Using Lipid-Coated Calcium Carbonate Nanocarriers Controls Chemotherapy-Induced Alopecia Areata

3 citations, May 2023 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

A new treatment using nanoparticles can effectively prevent and reduce hair loss caused by chemotherapy.

research Microenvironmental Reprogramming of Thymic Epithelial Cells to Skin Multipotent Stem Cells

116 citations, August 2010 in “Nature”

Scientists turned rat thymus cells into stem cells that can help repair skin and hair.

research The Clinical Presentation of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

33 citations, January 2011 in “Elsevier eBooks”

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus has varied symptoms and is hard to diagnose, affecting many body parts and requiring careful clinical judgment.

research Topical Minoxidil Counteracts Stress-Induced Hair Growth Inhibition in Mice

30 citations, September 2003 in “Experimental Dermatology”

Minoxidil helps prevent stress-caused hair loss in mice.

Breakdown of Immune Tolerance in AIRE-Deficient Rats Induces a Severe Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy–Candidiasis–Ectodermal Dystrophy–Like Autoimmune Disease

research Breakdown of Immune Tolerance in AIRE-Deficient Rats Induces a Severe Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy–Candidiasis–Ectodermal Dystrophy–Like Autoimmune Disease

26 citations, June 2018 in “The journal of immunology/The Journal of immunology”

AIRE-deficient rats developed severe autoimmune disease similar to APECED, useful for testing treatments.

research Effects of Imiquimod on Hair Follicle Stem Cells and Hair Cycle Progression

25 citations, July 2016 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Imiquimod cream activates hair follicle stem cells and causes early hair growth by changing immune cells and certain protein expressions.

Morphogenesis and Maintenance of the 3D Thymic Medulla and Prevention of Nude Skin Phenotype Require FoxN1 in Pre- and Post-Natal K14 Epithelium

research Morphogenesis and Maintenance of the 3D Thymic Medulla and Prevention of Nude Skin Phenotype Require FoxN1 in Pre- and Post-Natal K14 Epithelium

21 citations, November 2010 in “Journal of molecular medicine”

FoxN1 gene is essential for proper thymus structure and preventing hair loss.

research Melatonin Induces a Stimulatory Action on the Scrotal Skin Components of Soay Ram in the Non-Breeding Season

13 citations, June 2020 in “Scientific reports”

Melatonin stimulates the skin components of ram's scrotum during their non-breeding season.

research Updates in the Pathogenesis of Alopecia Areata

April 2021 in “Sohag Medical Journal”

Alopecia areata is an autoimmune condition causing hair loss, linked to genetic factors and immune system issues, with no cure yet.

research Vitamin D and Human Health: Lessons from Vitamin D Receptor Null Mice

1533 citations, October 2008 in “Endocrine reviews”

Mice without the vitamin D receptor have bone issues and other health problems, suggesting vitamin D is important for preventing various diseases in humans.

research Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome: Toward Cell-Free Therapeutic Strategies in Regenerative Medicine

773 citations, August 2017 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

The secretions of mesenchymal stem cells could be used for healing without using the cells themselves.

research Alopecia Areata: A Review of Disease Pathogenesis

191 citations, May 2018 in “British journal of dermatology/British journal of dermatology, Supplement”

Alopecia areata is likely an autoimmune disease with unclear triggers, involving various immune cells and molecules, and currently has no cure.

research Reversal of Alopecia Areata Following Treatment With the JAK1/2 Inhibitor Baricitinib

184 citations, February 2015 in “EBioMedicine”

A patient with Alopecia Areata had complete hair regrowth after using the drug baricitinib.

research Alopecia Areata: A Multifactorial Autoimmune Condition

148 citations, December 2018 in “Journal of autoimmunity”

Alopecia areata is an autoimmune disease causing patchy hair loss, often with other autoimmune disorders, but its exact causes are unknown.

research CXCR3 Blockade Inhibits T Cell Migration Into the Skin and Prevents Development of Alopecia Areata

64 citations, July 2016 in “Journal of Immunology”

Blocking the CXCR3 receptor reduces T cell accumulation in the skin and prevents hair loss in mice.

research An Overview of JAK/STAT Pathways and JAK Inhibition in Alopecia Areata

40 citations, August 2022 in “Frontiers in immunology”

Blocking JAK/STAT pathways can help treat hair loss from alopecia areata.

research Autoantigen Discovery in the Hair Loss Disorder, Alopecia Areata: Implications of Post-Translational Modifications

11 citations, June 2022 in “Frontiers in immunology”

New protein changes may be involved in the immune attack on hair follicles in alopecia areata.

research Drug Eruptions in Dermatology

11 citations, June 2011 in “Expert Review of Dermatology”

Skin reactions to drugs are common and can be deadly, usually requiring stopping the drug and may be better prevented with genetic testing in the future.

Hair Follicle Disruption Facilitates Pathogenesis to UVB-Induced Cutaneous Inflammation and Basal Cell Carcinoma Development in Ptch+/- Mice

research Hair Follicle Disruption Facilitates Pathogenesis to UVB-Induced Cutaneous Inflammation and Basal Cell Carcinoma Development in Ptch+/- Mice

8 citations, March 2014 in “American Journal of Pathology”

Damaged hair follicles make mice more prone to skin inflammation and skin cancer after UV exposure.

research Hair Graying Regulators Beyond Hair Follicle

5 citations, February 2022 in “Frontiers in physiology”

Hair graying is influenced by factors like nerves, fat cells, and immune cells, not just hair follicles.

research ESGCT and FSGT Collaborative Congress Helsinki, Finland September 17–20, 2015 Abstracts

2 citations, October 2015 in “Human Gene Therapy”

The congress highlighted new gene therapy techniques and cell transplantation methods for treating diseases.