45 citations,
April 2018 in “Nature Reviews Urology” Male genital development is driven by androgen signaling and understanding it could help address congenital anomalies.
1 citations,
October 2021 in “LGBT health” The review discusses how facial masculinization surgeries are done and their costs.
58 citations,
January 2013 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism” Obese women with PCOS show a male-like pattern in certain fat tissue gene expressions.
39 citations,
October 2018 in “Aesthetic surgery journal” Injectables can feminize or masculinize a transgender person's face, but more research is needed for best practices.
2 citations,
November 2018 in “Aesthetic Surgery Journal” Significant facial gender transformation requires surgery, not nonsurgical methods.
3 citations,
March 2022 in “Transgender Health” More research is needed to improve lower body gender affirmation techniques.
3 citations,
February 2018 in “Journal of evolution of medical and dental sciences” Some ovarian tumors can cause masculinization, and it's important to check for various causes when this symptom is present.
2 citations,
January 2013 in “Elsevier eBooks” The chapter explains the causes of excessive hair growth and masculinization in women and how to measure hormone levels related to these conditions.
37 citations,
February 2013 in “Maturitas” Testosterone therapy is beneficial for women's health and does not cause masculinization or liver damage, and it protects the heart and breasts.
May 2021 in “Journal of Advances in Internal Medicine” A 13-year-old with 46 XY DSD had ambiguous genitalia due to incomplete masculinization.
4 citations,
August 2021 in “Pediatrics in review” DSDs are birth conditions causing unusual sex development, managed with personalized care and sometimes surgery, but still lack a standard treatment approach.
January 2024 in “International Journal of Health Science” Hormonal implants have many side effects that often outweigh their benefits.
September 1993 in “PubMed” The document concludes that antiandrogenic drugs like cyproterone acetate and spironolactone are effective but not permanent treatments for skin-related androgenization in women.
39 citations,
April 2018 in “Hormones” No consistent link between genotype and phenotype in 5-α-Reductase type 2 deficiency.
25 citations,
July 2013 in “Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry” Spironolactone harms fish reproduction and is more potent in fish than invertebrates, needing environmental monitoring.
15 citations,
December 2019 in “Aesthetic Surgery Journal” Most insurance companies do not cover extra gender-affirming surgeries, with coverage being low and inconsistent.
7 citations,
August 2012 in “The Journal of Urology” Women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia showed no prostatic growth.
45 citations,
March 2015 in “Clinical Endocrinology” Testosterone therapy is generally safe for transmen, improves sexual function, and has manageable health risks with proper monitoring.
10 citations,
February 2019 in “Toxicological Sciences” Finasteride exposure affects gene expression and anogenital distance in male rat fetuses.
8 citations,
December 2022 in “International journal of molecular sciences” Mice without the enzyme HSD17B3 still produce normal testosterone, suggesting they have different ways to make it compared to humans.
5 citations,
June 2004 in “The Journal of The British Menopause Society” Testosterone therapy can improve sexual satisfaction and mood in surgically menopausal women when used with estrogen, but its long-term safety and effects on naturally menopausal and premenopausal women are unclear.
1 citations,
June 2022 in “Frontiers in Neuroanatomy” Early hormones shape sex-specific differences in rat glands.
January 2016 in “AACE Clinical Case Reports” Treatment restored normal sexual characteristics and blood condition in a patient with testicular cancer.
13 citations,
June 2006 in “Fertility and Sterility” Nonclassic 21-hydroxylase deficiency is a common, treatable genetic disorder causing reversible symptoms like acne and hair loss.
38 citations,
October 2014 in “Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity” 5-alpha reductase deficiency leads to male sexual development issues and treatments like finasteride help with prostate enlargement and hair loss.
32 citations,
September 2018 in “Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology” Hormone therapy for transgender females increases the risk of blood clots and requires careful dosing, monitoring, and lifelong management.
16 citations,
January 2019 in “Kansas journal of medicine” Healthcare providers need better education and policies to serve transgender individuals effectively.
11 citations,
January 2013 in “Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism” A woman with a rare adrenal tumor and hormonal disorder had improved testosterone levels after surgery, but her menstrual irregularities continued.
May 2024 in “Scientific Reports” Androgen receptors in the mouse brain may explain cognitive and mood changes in prostate cancer treatment.
232 citations,
June 1975 in “Journal of Steroid Biochemistry” Cyproterone acetate is effective for acne but less so for hirsutism and alopecia, with some side effects and quick menstrual cycle recovery after treatment.