52 citations,
February 2005 in “Biopolymers” Chemical hair straightening changes hair proteins and mostly fixes broken bonds.
29 citations,
August 2005 in “Biopolymers” L-cysteine slows down the breaking of bonds in hair due to electrostatic interactions.
20 citations,
December 2012 in “Journal of molecular structure” The study found that thioglycolic acid breaks down hair bonds more consistently than l-cysteine, which is less damaging to hair.
16 citations,
October 2003 in “Journal of applied polymer science” 2-iminothiorane hydrochloride improves hair waving permanence without damage.
12 citations,
June 2011 in “Journal of applied polymer science” L-phenylalanine and hydrolyzed eggwhite protein deeply penetrate human hair.
11 citations,
April 2022 in “Biophysical Journal” Disulfide bonds in keratin fibers break more easily under stress, especially when wet, affecting fiber strength.
10 citations,
January 2010 in “International journal of trichology” Keratin-associated proteins are part of the developing hair fiber cuticle.
7 citations,
January 1981 in “Springer eBooks” Certain small molecules and polymers can change hair's physical properties and how it feels by affecting the bonds within the hair.
6 citations,
October 2003 in “Journal of applied polymer science” A new method using poly(ethylene imine) improves hair dyeing at lower temperatures with better color retention.
5 citations,
April 2005 in “Journal of applied polymer science” PEI diffuses into hair at a constant rate, and urea speeds up this process.
5 citations,
January 2004 in “Journal of applied polymer science” Urea helps hair dye penetrate better and last longer.
4 citations,
November 1968 in “Textile research journal” Hair fibers may have a unique, non-protein sheath not previously identified.
Water and fatty acids affect hair's surface differently based on hair damage, and models can help understand hair-cosmetic interactions.
40 citations,
May 2016 in “Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America” Changes in keratin make hair follicles stiffer.
9 citations,
January 1989 in “Sen'i Gakkaishi” Wool and hair fibers absorb moisture similarly due to their keratin structure, with the amount of non-crystalline areas affecting the moisture uptake.
51 citations,
September 2012 in “Biomacromolecules” Disulfide bonds make keratin in hair stronger and tougher.
30 citations,
April 2017 in “Journal of structural biology” Human hair keratin fibers have a detailed nano-scale structure that changes with different conditions.
4 citations,
April 1955 in “Textile Research Journal” The effectiveness of reducing agents on hair fibers depends on their electrode potentials.
3 citations,
September 2005 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science” Different oils penetrate hair differently; monounsaturated oils like olive oil penetrate better than polyunsaturated oils.
3 citations,
December 2018 in “Routledge eBooks” Hair is made of strong keratin fibers that protect against the environment.
3 citations,
August 1980 in “Acs Symposium Series” Hair increases in size when it absorbs water, and treatments like bleaching affect how much water it can take in.
The guide suggests using keratin fibers and wigs to help hair look thicker or hide hair loss.
8 citations,
May 2020 in “International journal of biological macromolecules” Certain treatments can increase protein binding to natural hair but are less effective on permed hair.
13 citations,
May 2016 in “International journal of biological macromolecules” Keratin's mechanical properties are influenced by hydrogen bonds and secondary structure, and can be improved with the SPD-2 peptide.
6 citations,
October 2016 Understanding how keratin structures in hair are arranged and interact is key for creating methods to extract and purify them.
33 citations,
July 2007 in “Skin research and technology” Thicker hair is stronger, regardless of age, gender, or other factors.
18 citations,
November 2010 in “Journal of morphology” Antler velvet hair and body hair of red deer have different structures that help with protection and insulation.
6 citations,
December 2013 in “Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology” Pigmented concealing powders can improve the look of hair density for people with hair loss but need daily application and may not work well in wet conditions.
4 citations,
May 2012 in “Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine” Scientists created three types of structures to help regrow hair follicles, and all showed promising results for hair regeneration.
4 citations,
January 2015 in “Sen'i Gakkaishi” Hair and wool strength is affected by the number and type of bonds in their protein structures, with hair having more protein aggregates than wool.