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GlossaryPlasma Cells (Effector B Cells)

cells that produce antibodies to fight infections

Plasma cells, also known as plasma B cells or effector B cells, are a type of white blood cell that originates from B lymphocytes. Their primary function is to produce and secrete large quantities of antibodies, which are proteins that help the immune system identify and neutralize pathogens like bacteria and viruses.

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Astilbin Activates the Reactive Oxidative Species/PPARγ Pathway to Suppress Effector CD4+ T Cell Activities via Direct Binding With Cytochrome P450 1B1

research Astilbin Activates the Reactive Oxidative Species/PPARγ Pathway to Suppress Effector CD4+ T Cell Activities via Direct Binding With Cytochrome P450 1B1

1 citations, May 2022 in “Frontiers in Pharmacology”

Astilbin can potentially calm overactive immune responses, like in Type 1 Diabetes, by suppressing certain cell activities and reducing inflammation.

research Th22 Is the Effector Cell of Thymosin β15-Induced Hair Regeneration in Mice

January 2024 in “Inflammation and regeneration”

Th22 cells are essential for Tβ15-induced hair growth in mice.

research Malt1 Protease Is Critical in Maintaining Function of Regulatory T Cells and May Be a Therapeutic Target for Antitumor Immunity

39 citations, April 2019 in “The journal of immunology/The Journal of immunology”

Malt1 protease is essential for regulatory T cell function and could be targeted to boost antitumor immunity.

research CXCR3 Blockade Inhibits T Cell Migration Into the Skin and Prevents Development of Alopecia Areata

64 citations, July 2016 in “Journal of Immunology”

Blocking the CXCR3 receptor reduces T cell accumulation in the skin and prevents hair loss in mice.

research Induction of T Cell Exhaustion by JAK1/3 Inhibition in the Treatment of Alopecia Areata

13 citations, September 2022 in “Frontiers in immunology”

Ifidancitinib, a JAK inhibitor, effectively regrows hair in mice with alopecia by tiring out harmful T cells.

research Developing Human Fetal Skin Demonstrates a Unique Lymphocyte Signature

1 citations, June 2020 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)”

Fetal skin has unique immune cells different from adult skin.

research Down-Ranking the Threat of HSV-1: RANKL Upregulates MHC Class I Restricted Anti-Viral Immunity in Herpes Simplex Virus Infection

2 citations, November 2015 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

RANKL improves the immune response against herpes simplex virus by enhancing T cell activation and could help develop better treatments or vaccines.

research Dissecting the Microenvironment Around Biosynthetic Scaffolds in Murine Skin Wound Healing

2 citations, August 2020 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)”

The Aligned membranes improved wound healing and hair growth with a better immune response in mice.

research Updates in the Pathogenesis of Alopecia Areata

April 2021 in “Sohag Medical Journal”

Alopecia areata is an autoimmune condition causing hair loss, linked to genetic factors and immune system issues, with no cure yet.

Why We Should Treat COVID-19 Long-Hauler Syndromes with Convalescent Plasma; Contained Suppressive Exosomes Are Likely COVID Antigen-Specific

research Why We Should Treat COVID-19 Long-Hauler Syndromes with Convalescent Plasma; Contained Suppressive Exosomes Are Likely COVID Antigen-Specific

January 2024 in “Authorea (Authorea)”

Convalescent Plasma Therapy may help treat COVID-19 Long-Hauler symptoms.

research Adipose Tissue Remodeling via TSLP-Mediated IL-4/IL-13 Signaling: Implications for Atopic Dermatitis and Skin Barrier

June 2024 in “Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology”

TSLP affects atopic dermatitis by increasing sebum and reducing fat through IL-4/IL-13 signaling.

research LFA-1 Blockade Prevents the Onset of Alopecia Areata in C3H/HeJ Mice

April 2019 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Blocking LFA-1 prevents hair loss in mice.

research Skin CD4+ Memory T Cells Exhibit Combined Cluster-Mediated Retention and Equilibration with the Circulation

155 citations, May 2016 in “Nature communications”

Memory T cells in the skin balance staying put and moving into the blood, clustering around hair follicles, and increasing in number after infection.

research Cutting Edge: Memory Regulatory T Cells Require IL-7 and Not IL-2 for Their Maintenance in Peripheral Tissues

140 citations, March 2013 in “The journal of immunology/The Journal of immunology”

Memory regulatory T cells need IL-7, not IL-2, to stay in peripheral tissues.

research Regulatory T Cells: The Many Faces of Foxp3

125 citations, September 2019 in “Journal of Clinical Immunology”

Foxp3 is crucial for regulatory T cell function, and targeting these cells may help treat immune disorders.

research Regulatory T Cells in Skin: Role of Foxp3+ CD4+ Tregs in Skin Homeostasis and Immune Tolerance

110 citations, July 2017 in “Immunology”

Skin's Regulatory T cells are crucial for maintaining skin health and could be targeted to treat immune-related skin diseases and cancer.

research Regulatory T Cells in Autoimmune Skin Diseases

24 citations, March 2018 in “Experimental Dermatology”

Treg dysfunction is linked to various autoimmune skin diseases, and understanding Treg properties is key for new treatments.

research Regulatory T-Cells: Potential Regulator of Tissue Repair and Regeneration

188 citations, March 2018 in “Frontiers in Immunology”

Regulatory T-cells are important for healing and regenerating tissues in various organs by controlling immune responses and aiding stem cells.

research Human αβ and γδ T Cells in Skin Immunity and Disease

83 citations, June 2018 in “Frontiers in immunology”

Certain types of T cells are essential for healthy skin and play a role in skin diseases, but more research is needed to improve treatments.

research Regulatory T Cells in Inflammatory Skin Disease: From Mice to Humans

43 citations, February 2019 in “International immunology”

Special immune cells called Regulatory T cells help control skin inflammation and repair in various skin diseases.

research Regulatory T Cells Are Required for Normal and Activin-Promoted Wound Repair in Mice

29 citations, February 2018 in “European Journal of Immunology”

Regulatory T cells are essential for normal and improved wound healing in mice.

Alopecia Areata Patients Show Deficiency of FOXP3+CD39+ T Regulatory Cells and Clonotypic Restriction of Treg TCRβ-Chain, Highlighting the Immunopathological Aspect of the Disease

research Alopecia Areata Patients Show Deficiency of FOXP3+CD39+ T Regulatory Cells and Clonotypic Restriction of Treg TCRβ-Chain, Highlighting the Immunopathological Aspect of the Disease

30 citations, July 2019 in “PloS one”

Patients with Alopecia areata have fewer specific immune cells that normally regulate the immune system, which may contribute to the condition.

research The Effects of Androgens on T Cells: Clues to Female Predominance in Autoimmune Liver Diseases

34 citations, July 2020 in “Frontiers in immunology”

Androgens may influence T cells, contributing to higher autoimmune liver disease risk in women.

research Local Heroes or Villains: Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells in Human Health and Disease

67 citations, January 2020 in “Cellular & Molecular Immunology/Cellular & molecular immunology”

Tissue-resident memory T cells can protect against infections and cancer but may also contribute to autoimmune diseases.

research More Expression of IL-17 Than IFN-γ from CD49a-Negative Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells at the Hair Bulge and Hair Bulb Region in the Scalp of Chronic Alopecia Areata Patients According to the Foxp3+ mTregs Depletion

September 2019 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

IL-17 and certain immune cells are linked to more severe alopecia areata.

The Contributory Roles of Th17 Lymphocyte and Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte at the Hair Bulge Region and Hair Bulb Area in Chronic Alopecia Areata Patients

research The Contributory Roles of Th17 Lymphocyte and Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte at the Hair Bulge Region and Hair Bulb Area in Chronic Alopecia Areata Patients

18 citations, January 2017 in “Annals of dermatology/Annals of Dermatology”

Certain immune cells contribute to severe hair loss in chronic alopecia areata, with Th17 cells possibly having a bigger impact than cytotoxic T cells.