1 citations,
April 2022 in “AACE clinical case reports” A 36-year-old person with a female appearance but male chromosomes was diagnosed with a rare enzyme deficiency affecting sexual development.
November 2022 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” A boy with a new NR5A1 gene mutation has a sex development disorder without affecting his adrenal glands.
September 2020 in “Journal of Health, Medicine and Nursing” A 10-year-old boy with abnormal genital development had surgery and tests to find the cause and plan treatment.
March 2021 in “AACE clinical case reports” A man with both Klinefelter syndrome and primary hyperparathyroidism showed a rare combination of symptoms and genetic patterns.
174 citations,
July 2003 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” Five new mutations in the androgen receptor gene were found, helping to understand androgen insensitivity syndrome better.
April 2020 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” A 14-year-old girl with no menstrual period was diagnosed with Swyer Syndrome and treated for a related cancer risk.
1 citations,
August 2019 in “Journal of pediatric & adolescent gynecology” A new genetic change causing early stop in the androgen receptor gene was found in a patient with androgen insensitivity syndrome.
January 2018 in “Elsevier eBooks” 5α-reductase-2 deficiency causes ambiguous genitalia at birth and affects male sexual development, but individuals often develop male characteristics at puberty.
1 citations,
September 2019 in “Steroids” Two new mutations in the AR gene linked to severe androgen insensitivity were found.
39 citations,
April 2018 in “Hormones” No consistent link between genotype and phenotype in 5-α-Reductase type 2 deficiency.
25 citations,
January 2000 in “Hormone Research in Paediatrics” Mutations in the androgen receptor gene cause Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome, affecting sexual development.
36 citations,
February 2011 in “Fertility and Sterility” Finasteride use may cause sperm damage and infertility, stopping it can improve sperm health.
3 citations,
January 2008 in “Endocrine journal” A new mutation linked to partial Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome and prostate cancer was found in a patient unhappy with their female gender assignment.
1 citations,
November 1995 in “Postgraduate medical journal” A Saudi individual initially identified as a girl had a genetic disorder affecting gender development.
April 1974 in “Pediatric Research” The Naked (N) trait in mice is linked to lower glycine and tyrosine in hair proteins.
2 citations,
August 2020 in “JCRPE” A girl with Denys-Drash syndrome was misdiagnosed due to biotin affecting her hormone test results.
282 citations,
October 2006 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism” The Endocrine Society advised against routine testosterone therapy for women, citing a need for more research on long-term safety and a clear definition of androgen deficiency.
173 citations,
May 2001 in “Human reproduction update” Oestrogens are key for bone growth during puberty in both boys and girls.
146 citations,
December 2016 in “Translational Andrology and Urology” Hormone therapy is essential for transgender individuals but requires careful management due to possible metabolic effects.
78 citations,
November 2008 in “Fertility and Sterility” Amenorrhea is relatively rare and initial testing should check FSH, TSH, and prolactin levels.
66 citations,
October 2013 in “Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity” The conclusion is that published guidelines are improving transgender medical care, but more research and education in transgender medicine are needed.
45 citations,
February 2001 in “Joint bone spine” Gonadal dysgenesis, like Turner's and Klinefelter's syndromes, negatively affects bone health, but hormone treatments can help.
38 citations,
December 2010 in “Fertility and Sterility” Finasteride may cause male infertility, stopping it can help.
38 citations,
October 2006 in “Fertility and Sterility” The document concludes that identifying the cause of amenorrhea is crucial for proper treatment.
36 citations,
October 2016 in “Bone” A male with aromatase deficiency improved bone health with estradiol treatment.
31 citations,
September 2008 in “International Journal of Andrology” 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors may cause a low incidence of erectile dysfunction that decreases over time.
30 citations,
October 2020 in “Nature Communications” Finasteride irreversibly affects human steroid 5α-reductase 2, providing insight into its catalytic mechanism and disease-related mutations.
30 citations,
July 2004 in “Fertility and Sterility” Amenorrhea is when a woman doesn't have periods, with primary amenorrhea starting by age 15 or within five years of breast development, and secondary amenorrhea when periods stop for three months. It affects 3-4% of women not pregnant, breastfeeding, or in menopause, mainly due to polycystic ovary syndrome, hypothalamic amenorrhea, hyperprolactinemia, and ovarian failure.
26 citations,
October 2014 in “Andrologia” Infertile men are more likely to produce sperm with abnormal chromosome numbers, which can affect pregnancy success and embryo health.
23 citations,
January 2007 in “Archives of Andrology” Finasteride may negatively affect male fertility.