Narrative review of facial gender surgery: approaches and techniques for the frontal sinus and upper third of the face

This narrative review discussed the evolution and techniques of facial gender confirmation surgery (FGCS), particularly focusing on the upper third of the face, including the forehead and hairline. It highlighted the differences between cis men and women's foreheads and hairlines, which guide pharmacologic and surgical interventions such as hairline modification through pharmacotherapy and hair transplantation. The review emphasized the importance of virtual surgical planning (VSP) in achieving accurate and reproducible results, especially when addressing the frontal sinus. It also provided an algorithmic approach to forehead recontouring, detailing operative steps and decision-making processes, and discussed postoperative care and potential complications.