Facial Determinants of Female Gender and Feminizing Forehead Cranioplasty

The study focused on identifying facial features that determine female gender and assessing the effectiveness and safety of feminizing forehead cranioplasty. It involved a prospective evaluation of computer-simulated changes and a retrospective review of 168 patients who underwent the surgery. The results indicated that forehead modification was the most significant feature in determining femininity from both frontal and profile views. Among male-to-female transgender patients, a majority were judged as female after surgery, with low complication rates of 1.8%. The study concluded that feminizing the forehead is a safe procedure that significantly impacts gender perception, emphasizing the importance of the upper third of the face in attributing femininity and attractiveness.