TLDR PADs are crucial for healthy skin and hair, and their imbalance can cause skin and hair disorders.
The review discussed the role of deimination and peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) in skin physiology and diseases, with a focus on hair disorders. It highlighted the involvement of PADs in keratinocyte differentiation, epidermal barrier function, and hair follicles. Altered PAD activity was linked to uncombable hair syndrome and inflammatory scarring alopecia, particularly affecting women of African ancestry. PAD1, PAD2, and PAD3 were the main isotypes detected, with PAD3 mutations associated with Uncombable Hair Syndrome and Central Centrifugal Cicatricial Alopecia. The study emphasized the genetic basis of these conditions and the role of the trichohyalin-PAD3-TGase 3 pathway in hair follicle physiology, suggesting potential therapeutic targets for skin and hair disorders.
95 citations
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February 2019 in “The New England Journal of Medicine” Mutations in the PADI3 gene are linked to a higher risk of scarring hair loss in women of African descent.
27 citations
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September 2017 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings” Hair loss in black women needs more research, early intervention, and community education.
4 citations
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January 2017 in “Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin” Inhibiting ALOX12 can help hair cuticle maturation by increasing S100A3 citrullination.
119 citations
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November 2016 in “American journal of human genetics” Mutations in three genes cause Uncombable Hair Syndrome, leading to frizzy hair that can't be combed flat.
36 citations
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September 2015 in “Forensic Science International: Genetics” Certain DNA variants can predict straight hair in Europeans but are not highly specific.
234 citations
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November 2009 in “American journal of human genetics” Common variants in the Trichohyalin gene are linked to straight hair in Europeans.
34 citations
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March 2009 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” 71 citations
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June 2005 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” PAD enzymes play a key role in hair growth and structure.
108 citations
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October 2003 in “Journal of biological chemistry/The Journal of biological chemistry” Trichohyalin makes hair follicles stronger.
2 citations
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October 2023 in “Philosophical transactions - Royal Society. Biological sciences” Enzymes that change arginine to citrulline are important for skin barrier and hair formation, and their malfunction can lead to skin conditions and hair disorders.
5 citations
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December 2021 in “Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology” Enzymes called PADIs play a key role in hair growth and loss.
4 citations
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January 2017 in “Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin” Inhibiting ALOX12 can help hair cuticle maturation by increasing S100A3 citrullination.
71 citations
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June 2005 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” PAD enzymes play a key role in hair growth and structure.
39 citations
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August 1998 in “FEBS Letters” Two new enzymes, PAD-R11 and PAD-R4, were cloned and showed activity, with PAD-R11 resembling epidermal enzymes.