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This chapter provides an overview of the complex chemical and physical structure of the hair surface, detailing how factors like ethnicity, environmental stress, and cosmetic treatments can alter its properties and influence the adhesion of hair care products.

In this study, researchers used atomic force microscopy to capture and analyze morphological changes in the surface of healthy hair, identifying features such as pitting and rod-shaped macro-fibrillar elements, which could inform future research on hair conditions and care.

This study concluded that Polyquaternium-10 conditioner softens the surface of the scale face on hair fibers.

This study used atomic force microscopy to identify significant morphological differences in hair from patients with lichen planopilaris compared to healthy controls, noting more scratches, uneven edges, and pitted scales in affected hair, which may aid future research on the condition.

This study found that human hair surfaces exhibit nonhomogeneous wettability, potentially influenced by daily rhythms and even monthly changes possibly linked to the menstrual cycle.

Hair movement can indicate hair quality and health.

Hair movement can indicate hair quality and health.

Hair treatments like bleaching increase friction by exposing tiny pores on the hair surface.

This paper reviews the surface degradation of hair and describes how combining 18-MEA with specific surfactants can maintain hydrophobicity on bleached and weathered hair surfaces.

This study showed that chemical and mechanical treatments significantly alter the nanoscale surface properties of hair, affecting its roughness, mechanical stiffness, adhesion, and surface potential.

In this study, hydrophobic interactions were found to primarily drive deposition on virgin hair, while electrostatic interactions were more significant for bleached hair, highlighting different target moieties for hair conditioning products.

The study found that a polymer treatment changes the charge on hair surfaces, making bleached hair smoother and less porous.

This study found that aging in Korean individuals is associated with changes in hair diameter and surface structure, as observed through atomic force microscopy.

In this study, researchers found that hair fibers exposed to bleaching and UV irradiation displayed significantly more damage, including increased adhesion and surface heterogeneity, compared to untreated hair, highlighting a synergistic degradation pathway affecting the hair cuticle's integrity.

This study found that a new 3D image analysis method from SEM images enables quick and accurate measurement of cuticle scale heights in hair fibers.

This article discusses the use of atomic force microscopy for examining human hair surfaces in dermatology, cosmetics, and forensic science, but presents no new research findings.

This study concluded that bleach treatment partly transforms the hydrophobic top layer of human hair cuticles into a hydrophilic surface with clustered cysteic acid, visualized at the nano-scale using dynamic Chemical Force Microscopy.

Hair fibers interact through classical forces, which are influenced by treatments and products, important for hair care and other applications.

The study found that the Marangoni effect causes the uneven wetting of surfactant-coated hair due to the surfactant moving into the water.

This paper reviews how hair conditioners work, primarily by reducing combing forces through lubrication, and reports no new clinical findings.

This study analyzed how oxidative hair dye leaches from pigmented and nonpigmented hair during wash cycles, finding that melanin influences the dye deposition and leaching processes.

This study identified an optimal sulfate-free and silicone-free conditioning shampoo formulation using 1% hyaluronic acid at 800 kDa, 10% acidic sophorolipid, and 1% sodium chloride, which maintains essential conditioning and cleansing properties without compromising on performance.

This review discusses the causes of hair shaft abnormalities and highlights the role of cosmetic products in treating hair disorders, though it reports no new clinical findings.

In this study, researchers observed that even a single session of hair dyeing can damage hair fibers, with significant worsening of mechanical properties and protein composition after three or more consecutive treatments, emphasizing the need to consider the cumulative impacts of dyeing on hair health.

This study found that Polyquaternium-87 significantly reduced friction forces on hair surfaces treated with various shampoo formulations, highlighting its potential for improving hair care products.

This study used atomic force microscopy to image surface structures of human epidermal melanocytes, hair follicle amelanotic melanocytes, and mouse melanoma cells, revealing differences in branch structure and granule distribution.

In this study, AFM-based indentation was used to assess mechanical properties of murine skin wounds at two healing stages, revealing that early wounds exhibit stiffer hyperproliferative epithelium compared to granulation tissue, and highlighting significant influences of surface roughness on tissue stiffness measurements.

This study observed that amelanotic melanocytes from human hair follicles appeared morphologically immature, suggesting they might not transfer melanosomes into keratinocytes.

This study found that bleach treatments significantly increased hair surface roughness and decreased Young's modulus, indicating marked changes in hair's molecular structure which may affect future hair-care product formulation.

This study reports the development of a MEMS silicon-hair device capable of detecting minute forces and moments, replicating the sensory functions of human hair follicles with high sensitivity.