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Men are more likely to have severe respiratory viral infections like COVID-19 due to hormonal and genetic differences, while women generally have stronger immune responses.

The skin acts like an endocrine organ, producing hormones that affect various body functions and skin health, and understanding this can lead to new treatments.

Gender affects hair and scalp characteristics, with differences in hormone responses, graying patterns, and trace metals.

Skin diseases linked to insulin resistance should be managed to prevent diabetes and reduce heart disease risk.

Men are more likely to get infectious skin diseases, while women are more prone to autoimmune and pigment-related skin conditions, influenced by biological and environmental factors.

Vitamin D and estrogen may help protect heart and kidney health, and maintaining sufficient vitamin D levels could be especially beneficial for African Americans, postmenopausal women, and people with chronic kidney disease.

Estrogen increases blood vessel growth factor production, while testosterone blocks this increase.

Estrogens generally inhibit hair growth and improve skin quality, but their exact effects on hair follicles are complex and not fully understood.

The conclusion is that endocrinology significantly impacts medicine with various common medications used for treatment.

The document concludes that gender-affirming treatments are essential for transgender individuals and outlines safe hormone therapy practices.

Spironolactone may help reduce excessive hair growth in women with high male hormone levels.

Testosterone helps human pancreatic cells increase insulin release.

The Pemphigus Disease Area Index and Autoimmune Bullous Skin Disorder Intensity Score are the best tools for assessing pemphigus severity.

Sebaceous glands play a key role in skin health, immunity, and various skin diseases.

Male C57BL/6 mice show age-related fluctuations in certain hormones and their ratios in both blood and hair.

COVID-19 may affect male fertility and women might have better outcomes due to hormonal and immune differences.

Changes in testosterone and estrogen receptor genes can affect how men age, influencing body fat, hair patterns, and possibly leading to skin disorders.

Genes and epigenetic changes are important in the development of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.

There are various effective hormone treatments for puberty induction in boys and girls with hypogonadism, and starting treatment early is important.

Testosterone replacement may help postmenopausal women with sexual function and bone density, but suitable treatments are limited.

Lower SHBG levels may increase the risk of PCOS.

Lack or blocking of SRD5a, a key component in hormone creation, can lead to conditions like pseudohermaphrodism and affect hair growth, bone mass, muscle strength, and reproductive health. More research is needed on its regulation from fertilization to adulthood.

SHBG binding properties are unchanged in male liver cirrhosis patients.

Cyclosporine A therapy changes sex hormone levels differently in pre-menopausal and post-menopausal women with primary biliary cirrhosis.

Human skin makes sexual hormones that affect hair growth, skin health, and healing; too much can cause acne and hair loss, while treatments can manage these conditions.

Hormone therapy for trans individuals is effective and generally safe in the short term.

Women with PCOS who have low SHBG are more likely to have low good cholesterol and metabolic syndrome.

Cross-sex hormone therapy is important for managing gender dysphoria and requires careful monitoring and healthcare provider education.

Hormones significantly affect women's sexual function, and more research is needed to improve treatments for sexual dysfunction with minimal side effects.

The document concludes that future heart disease research should account for sex-specific differences to improve diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes.