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This review discusses sex differences in the neuroendocrine response to stress, focusing primarily on rodent studies, and highlights open questions about the roles of gonadal hormones and sex chromosomes.

Male and female mice have different skin thickness, and hormones affect their skin and hair growth differently.

This review discusses evidence on androgen sensitivity as a potential factor in COVID-19 disease severity, suggesting that androgen receptor interactions could influence virus entry and progression, and reports no new clinical results.

This review suggests that understanding the biological and molecular reasons for more severe COVID-19 in men, particularly those at risk for prostate cancer, could improve management of these patients, but reports no new results.

This consensus document reviews current knowledge on sex differences in essential hypertension and identifies areas needing further research to improve sex-specific prevention and management strategies.

This review discusses the sex differences in neuroactive steroid synthesis and their implications for nervous system functions and potential therapeutic approaches, but it provides no new experimental results.

In this study, finasteride altered acute ethanol withdrawal severity differently in male and female mice, highlighting sex differences in sensitivity to changes in neurosteroid levels.

This study found that variations in Kv1 channel gene expression in the electric organ of Sternopygus correlate with sex differences and individual variations in their electric communication signals.

This study concluded that male mice are more susceptible to valproic acid-induced autism spectrum disorder than female mice, with noticeable differences in brain histoarchitecture and receptor protein levels.

This study concluded that ALRV5XR treatment significantly increased terminal hair density in both men and women with androgenetic alopecia and telogen effluvium, with more pronounced effects in women.

This study observed distinct sex differences in hair growth cycles and regeneration in C3H/He mice, noting that females regenerated hair faster after adhesive material application, whereas males were more reliant on macrophage activity for this process.

In this study, researchers observed that chronic stress affected wild-derived house mice differently by sex, with females showing less weight gain and distinct behavioral changes, while males exhibited higher hair corticosterone levels, suggesting divergent coping strategies and implications for sex-specific stress assessment protocols.

In this study, chronic unpredictable stress affected male and female wild-derived house mice differently; stressed females gained less weight, had long grooming times, and lower immobility in tests, while stressed males showed increased hair corticosterone levels and shorter immobility times.

This review discusses the influence of androgens on opioid-mediated effects and calls for further research into their role in sex differences and potential therapeutic options for chronic pain and substance use disorders.

This review discusses how sex hormone levels and local steroid synthesis influence gender differences in aging skin, reporting no new clinical results.

This study found that finasteride increased acute ethanol withdrawal severity in female mice, while decreasing it in male mice, suggesting sex differences in sensitivity to finasteride's effects.

This study found that testosterone and dihydrotestosterone are crucial for synaptic transmission and spine density in male hippocampal neurons, suggesting sex-specific effects of neurosteroids on brain development.

This review reports that sex-related differences in pharmacological response have been observed in SARS-CoV-2 infection, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus, with implications for treatment strategies; for example, men may respond better to genomic vaccines for SARS-CoV-2, while women may benefit more from certain antiviral medications.

This review discusses sex-based differences in immune responses, focusing on genetic, hormonal, and microbiome factors influencing infections like COVID-19, and reports no clinical results.

This review discusses sex and gender differences in COVID-19 presentation, treatment, and outcomes, and reports no new clinical findings.

This review discusses sex-related differences in antihypertensive treatment and reports original data showing better blood pressure control in women than men until their late sixties, when the trend reverses.

This review examines differences in COVID-19 outcomes related to gender and race, suggesting males and racial minorities may face higher mortality and worse outcomes, but calls for further research to understand these disparities as data remains limited.

This review discusses biological sex differences in COVID-19 outcomes and reports no new clinical results; it identifies a need for studies to clarify how sex influences disease progression.

This chapter reviews the potential role of gonadal hormones in sex differences in play and spatial behavior, noting a lack of conclusive evidence but suggesting perinatal androgen exposure might contribute to observed differences. It reports no new research results.

This review examines biological reasons for sex-based differences in COVID-19 outcomes, noting that females exhibit stronger immune responses, potentially explaining lower severity and mortality compared to males.

This study found that sex differences in somatostatin biosynthesis in rat hypothalamic neurons develop between postnatal day 1 and 5, influenced by the conversion of testosterone to estrogen.

This study found that among young Ukrainian men and women with varying forms and severities of urticaria, skinfold thickness measurements differed significantly, yet there were minimal sex-linked differences.

This review discusses sex differences in immune responses and highlights mechanisms involving sex hormones, X-linked genes, and X-Chromosome Inactivation, but reports no new clinical findings.

In this study, AGA patients exhibited distinct lipidomic profiles and higher metabolic syndrome prevalence compared to controls, with certain lipids correlated to key AGA-related factors like DHT, PGD2, and TGF-β1.