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Glossary Scars

areas of fibrous tissue replacing normal skin post-injury

Scars are areas of fibrous tissue that replace normal skin after an injury. They form as part of the body's natural healing process when the dermis (the deep, thick layer of skin) is damaged. While the new tissue is made of the same protein (collagen) as the tissue it replaces, its fiber composition is different, often resulting in a different texture and appearance.

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research Postmenopausal frontal fibrosing alopecia. Scarring alopecia in a pattern distribution

332 citations , June 1994 in “Archives of Dermatology”

This study found that progressive frontal hairline recession in postmenopausal women may exhibit features similar to fibrosing alopecia, with histologic similarities to lichen planopilaris but lacking lesions of lichen planus.

research Recent Understandings of Biology, Prophylaxis and Treatment Strategies for Hypertrophic Scars and Keloids

305 citations , March 2018 in “International journal of molecular sciences”

In this review, the authors summarize classical and recent insights into the biology and treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids, concluding that while understanding and strategies have advanced, effective prevention and treatments remain unsatisfactory.

research Asebia-2J (Scd1ab2J): A New Allele and a Model for Scarring Alopecia

179 citations , June 2000 in “The American journal of pathology”

This study reports that the asebia-2J mutation in mice affects sebaceous gland function and leads to hair follicle destruction, offering a model for human scarring alopecias.

research Cutaneous Scarring: Basic Science, Current Treatments, and Future Directions

178 citations , August 2016 in “Advances in wound care”

This article discusses advancements in understanding how skin stem cells and fibroblasts contribute to scar formation, highlighting current and potential therapies aimed at preventing or reducing scarring, yet notes that effective treatments without significant side effects are still lacking.

research Regeneration of Dermis: Scarring and Cells Involved

176 citations , June 2019 in “Cells”

This review discusses dermal cell heterogeneity in wound healing and scar formation, highlighting the varied roles of different fibroblasts and the potential of skin substitutes without presenting new clinical results.

Differential Expression of Fibromodulin, a Transforming Growth Factor-Beta Modulator, in Fetal Skin Development and Scarless Repair

research Differential Expression of Fibromodulin, a Transforming Growth Factor-β Modulator, in Fetal Skin Development and Scarless Repair

168 citations , August 2000 in “American Journal of Pathology”

This study suggests that fibromodulin may regulate transforming growth factor-β activity during scar formation, influencing the transition from fetal scarless repair to adult scar-forming repair in rats.

research Scarless wound healing: finding the right cells and signals

132 citations , June 2016 in “Cell and Tissue Research”

This review discusses recent advancements in scar reduction techniques, highlighting promising therapeutic targets and the role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in promoting scarless wound healing, but reports no new clinical results.

research Scars or Regeneration?—Dermal Fibroblasts as Drivers of Diverse Skin Wound Responses

123 citations , January 2020 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

This review discusses the role of fibroblast heterogeneity in determining skin scarring versus regeneration and reports no new results, highlighting opportunities for developing antiscarring therapies.

research Toward understanding scarless skin wound healing and pathological scarring

113 citations , June 2019 in “F1000Research”

This review discusses the mechanisms of wound healing and excessive scarring, highlighting the importance of understanding these processes for developing new therapies to prevent fibrotic scarring in large skin wounds.

research New insights into balancing wound healing and scarless skin repair

108 citations , January 2023 in “Journal of Tissue Engineering”

This review discusses the mechanisms of scar formation and current strategies for scar-free wound healing, reporting no new clinical results and emphasizing the need for further research.

research Human Wharton’s Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells Plasticity Augments Scar-Free Skin Wound Healing with Hair Growth

102 citations , April 2014 in “PloS one”

In this study, Wharton’s Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells, cultured with human platelet lysate, showed enhanced wound-healing capabilities and multilineage differentiation potential, distinguishing them from bone marrow-derived stem cells and presenting exciting prospects for regenerative medicine.

research Confocal Microscopic Analysis of Scarless Repair in the Fetal Rat

99 citations , January 2002 in “Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery”

In this study, fetal rat wounds at gestational age 16 days healed without scar formation and resembled normal skin architecture, unlike those at 18 days which resulted in scarring and lack of hair follicles.

research Microskin‐Inspired Injectable MSC‐Laden Hydrogels for Scarless Wound Healing with Hair Follicles

89 citations , April 2020 in “Advanced Healthcare Materials”

In this study, MSC-laden silk nanofiber hydrogels accelerated wound healing and enabled scarless skin regeneration with hair follicles, outperforming MSC-free hydrogels in repairing full-thickness skin defects.

research Elastic tissue in scars and alopecia

80 citations , March 2000 in “Journal of cutaneous pathology”

This study found that the Verhoeff-Van Gieson stain effectively distinguishes scarred from non-scarred dermis and aids in classifying types of permanent alopecia based on elastic tissue patterns.

research Scarless wound healing: Transitioning from fetal research to regenerative healing

79 citations , January 2018 in “Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Developmental Biology”

This review discusses the experimental targets of fetal wound healing and evaluates existing therapies for scarless healing in adult skin, but reports no new research findings.

research Scarring, stem cells, scaffolds and skin repair

69 citations , October 2013 in “Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine”

This review examines the role of endothelial precursors and cellularized scaffolds in wound repair and revascularization for treating full thickness skin loss, but reports no new clinical results.

research An In Vivo Mouse Excisional Wound Model of Scarless Healing

58 citations , June 2006 in “Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery”

This study successfully developed a reproducible mouse model demonstrating fetal scarless wound healing, which may provide insights for minimizing scarring in adults.

research Hair Follicle Biology, the Sebaceous Gland, and Scarring Alopecias

57 citations , August 1999 in “Archives of dermatology”

Hair follicles grow hair and release it through the skin.

research Primary Follicular Dystrophy With Scarring Dermatitis in C57BL/6 Mouse Substrains Resembles Central Centrifugal Cicatricial Alopecia in Humans

56 citations , September 2010 in “Veterinary pathology”

This study found that certain C57BL/6 mouse substrains have a genetic vulnerability to skin lesions resembling central centrifugal cicatrical alopecia in humans, potentially worsened by high vitamin A levels.

research Engineering Pro‐Regenerative Hydrogels for Scarless Wound Healing

55 citations , April 2018 in “Advanced Healthcare Materials”

This review discusses recent advances in scarless wound healing, focusing on strategies to create pro-regenerative scaffolds for repairing damaged skin, and reports no new clinical results.

research Stem cell markers (cytokeratin 15, CD34 and nestin) in primary scarring and nonscarring alopecia

54 citations , January 2009 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

This study found that in scarring alopecia, stem cells are differentially localized, suggesting that both inner and outer root sheath stem cells, rather than just follicular bulge stem cells, are involved.

research Skin wounds in the MRL/MPJ mouse heal with scar

51 citations , January 2006 in “Wound Repair and Regeneration”

This study found that MRL/MpJ mouse dorsal skin wounds heal with similar scar formation and collagen deposition as C57bl/6 and Balb/c mice.

research The Spectrum of Scarring in Craniofacial Wound Repair

48 citations , March 2019 in “Frontiers in Physiology”

This review discusses the typical wound healing process in skin and the oral cavity, and emphasizes the research focus on achieving scarless healing in adult skin, but reports no new clinical results.

Cicatricial (Scarring) Alopecias: Comprehensive Review and Management

research Cicatricial (Scarring) Alopecias

44 citations , April 2012 in “American Journal of Clinical Dermatology”

Scarring alopecias are complex hair loss disorders that require early treatment to prevent permanent hair loss.

research Pro‐Regenerative Hydrogel Restores Scarless Skin during Cutaneous Wound Healing

41 citations , September 2017 in “Advanced Healthcare Materials”

This study found that the DexIEME hydrogel promotes complete skin regeneration and scar attenuation in murine and porcine models, suggesting potential for treating deep dermal injuries.

research Hydrogen peroxide disrupts scarless fetal wound repair

41 citations , September 2005 in “Wound Repair and Regeneration”

This study found that hydrogen peroxide interfered with scarless healing in a murine fetal wound repair model, potentially by inducing transforming growth factor-beta1, which may contribute to increased fibrosis.

research The stretched scar: the benefit of prolonged dermal support

37 citations , January 1989 in “British Journal of Plastic Surgery”

This study found that using a subcuticular non-absorbable suture for six months significantly reduced scar stretching and width compared to shorter-term suturing methods after tattoo removal.

research Biomaterial-based mechanical regulation facilitates scarless wound healing with functional skin appendage regeneration

37 citations , February 2024 in “Military Medical Research”

In this review, biomaterial-based mechanical strategies were highlighted for their potential to enhance skin regeneration and promote scarless repair, though a comprehensive understanding of their underlying mechanisms is still needed for broader application.

research Novel Biodegradable Polymeric Microparticles Facilitate Scarless Wound Healing by Promoting Re-epithelialization and Inhibiting Fibrosis

37 citations , December 2018 in “Frontiers in Immunology”

This study found that fibroin/gelatin and spidroin microparticles increased re-epithelialization rates and inhibited scar formation in mouse models of deep skin wounds.

research Sebaceous gland loss and inflammation in scarring alopecia: A potential role in pathogenesis

37 citations , June 2011 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology”

This study demonstrates that sebaceous gland loss is a common early feature in primary scarring alopecia and suggests that inflammation of sebaceous glands or ducts may contribute to follicular damage.