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Glossary Protein Kinase C

enzymes that regulate various cellular functions by phosphorylating proteins

Protein Kinase C (PKC) is a family of enzymes that play a crucial role in several cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis (programmed cell death). These enzymes are activated by signals such as increases in the concentration of calcium ions or diacylglycerol (DAG), and they function by phosphorylating various target proteins, thereby altering their activity. PKC is significant in many physiological and pathological processes, making it a key focus in research related to cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological disorders.

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research Overexpression of protein kinase C-α in the epidermis of transgenic mice results in striking alterations in phorbol ester-induced inflammation and COX-2, MIP-2 and TNF-α expression but not tumor promotion

135 citations , October 1999 in “Journal of Cell Science”

This study found that overexpression of PKCα in mouse epidermis increases expression of specific proinflammatory mediators and induces inflammation but does not significantly affect epidermal differentiation, proliferation, or tumor promotion with TPA.

research Protein Kinase Cε, which Sensitizes Skin to Sun's UV Radiation–Induced Cutaneous Damage and Development of Squamous Cell Carcinomas, Associates with Stat3

76 citations , February 2007 in “Cancer Research”

This study reported that UVR induced PKCε phosphorylation of Stat3 in transgenic mice, suggesting a role in enhancing sensitivity to UVR-related skin cancer development.

research Topical Application of a Protein Kinase C Inhibitor Reduces Skin and Hair Pigmentation

60 citations , January 2004 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study found that inhibiting PKC-β activity with bisindolylmaleimide reduces pigmentation in the skin and hair of guinea pigs and mice by preventing tyrosinase activation.

research Cyclosporin A Promotes Hair Epithelial Cell Proliferation and Modulates Protein Kinase C Expression and Translocation in Hair Epithelial Cells

45 citations , September 2001 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study found that cyclosporin A stimulates growth in cultured murine hair epithelial cells and reduces protein kinase C expression, suggesting that these actions may contribute to its hair-growing effects.

research Protein Kinase C δ Overexpressing Transgenic Mice Are Resistant to Chemically but not to UV Radiation–Induced Development of Squamous Cell Carcinomas: A Possible Link to Specific Cytokines and Cyclooxygenase-2

35 citations , January 2006 in “Cancer Research”

This study found that overexpressing PKCδ in transgenic mice did not reduce squamous cell carcinoma development induced by UV radiation, despite its effectiveness against TPA-promoted cancer in these mice.

Protein Kinase C Epsilon, Which Is Linked to Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced Development of Squamous Cell Carcinomas, Stimulates Rapid Turnover of Adult Hair Follicle Stem Cells

research Protein Kinase Cε, Which Is Linked to Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced Development of Squamous Cell Carcinomas, Stimulates Rapid Turnover of Adult Hair Follicle Stem Cells

10 citations , January 2013 in “Journal of skin cancer”

In this study, PKC ε transgenic mice exposed to ultraviolet radiation showed increased hair follicle stem cell frequency and altered gene expression compared to wild-type mice, suggesting a potential role in skin cancer susceptibility.

research Protein kinase C is a key target for attenuation of Leigh syndrome by rapamycin

5 citations , February 2019 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)”

This study found that in a mouse model of Leigh syndrome, rapamycin alters brain proteome and may extend survival by targeting protein kinase C.

research Foxn1 promotes keratinocyte differentiation by regulating the activity of protein kinase C

26 citations , May 2007 in “Differentiation”

This study suggests that Foxn1 acts as a brake on PKC signaling in keratinocytes, thereby modulating the stages of differentiation by controlling PKC activity.

research Transgenic mice overexpressing protein kinase C epsilon in their epidermis exhibit reduced papilloma burden but enhanced carcinoma formation after tumor promotion.

99 citations , February 2000 in “PubMed”

This study found that overexpression of PKCepsilon in transgenic mice reduced papilloma development but accelerated carcinoma formation in a skin tumor promotion model.

research Activation of Cutaneous Protein Kinase Cα Induces Keratinocyte Apoptosis and Intraepidermal Inflammation by Independent Signaling Pathways

74 citations , September 2003 in “The Journal of Immunology”

This study found that PKCα activation in transgenic mice induces keratinocyte apoptosis and mediates neutrophilic skin inflammation via different pathways, suggesting potential mechanisms for cutaneous inflammatory diseases.

research Protein Kinase C Epsilon Signals Ultraviolet Light-induced Cutaneous Damage and Development of Squamous Cell Carcinoma Possibly Through Induction of Specific Cytokines in a Paracrine Mechanism¶

28 citations , January 2005 in “Photochemistry and Photobiology”

This study found that overexpression of PKCepsilon in mouse epidermis was associated with increased susceptibility to metastatic squamous cell carcinoma, potentially through a mechanism involving tumor necrosis factor-alpha.

research Inhibition of the development of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma in protein kinase C epsilon transgenic mice by alpha-difluoromethylornithine accompanied by marked hair follicle degeneration and hair loss.

26 citations , June 2003 in “PubMed”

In this study, severe hair loss occurred in PKC epsilon transgenic mice treated with DFMO during skin tumor prevention, highlighting a link between polyamine biosynthesis, hair follicle maintenance, and metastasis suppression.

research Protein Kinase C Epsilon Signals Ultraviolet Light‐induced Cutaneous Damage and Development of Squamous Cell Carcinoma Possibly Through Induction of Specific Cytokines in a Paracrine Mechanism^¶

3 citations , January 2005 in “Photochemistry and Photobiology”

This study found that overexpression of PKCɛ in mouse epidermis increased sensitivity to metastatic squamous cell carcinoma, suggesting that a PKCɛ-mediated microenvironment may promote cancer development through specific cytokines like TNFα.

research Protein Kinase C Downregulation upon Rapamycin Treatment Attenuates Neuroinflammation and Mitochondrial Disease

December 2020 in “Innovation in aging”

This study suggests that inhibiting PKC, similar to rapamycin treatment, can extend lifespan and reduce neurological symptoms and inflammation in mice with mitochondrial dysfunction, potentially involving the mTORC2 pathway.

research Atypical Protein Kinase C Isoform, aPKCλ, Is Essential for Maintaining Hair Follicle Stem Cell Quiescence

24 citations , June 2015 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study observed that epidermal-specific deletion of aPKCλ in mice disrupts hair follicle stem cell quiescence, leading to altered hair follicle cycling and skin anomalies.

Genetic Alteration of Cyclic Adenosine 3',5'-Monophosphate-Dependent Protein Kinase Subunit Expression Affects Calcium Currents and Beta-Endorphin Release in AtT-20 Clonal Pituitary Cells

research Genetic alteration of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase subunit expression affects calcium currents and beta-endorphin release in AtT-20 clonal pituitary cells.

August 1994 in “Molecular Endocrinology”

This study found that AtT-20 pituitary cells with higher cAMP-dependent kinase activity had larger calcium currents and significantly increased beta-endorphin release compared to cells with lower kinase activity.

research 2,3,7,8‐Tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin causes an increase in protein kinases growth hepatic associated with epidermal factor receptor in the plasma membrane

60 citations , December 1988 in “Journal of Biochemical Toxicology”

In this study, TCDD administered to male rats down-regulated EGF receptor in liver plasma membranes and increased protein kinase activity, suggesting EGF receptor–mediated toxicological effects.

research A Ca ²⁺ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase required for symbiotic nodule development: Gene identification by transcript-based cloning

477 citations , March 2004 in “Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences”

This study reports that the DMI3 gene, essential for nodule formation in legume-rhizobial symbiosis, encodes a calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, highlighting its role in multiple plant symbioses.

research Protein kinase Cepsilon is linked to 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha ectodomain shedding and the development of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma in protein kinase Cepsilon transgenic mice.

79 citations , October 2003 in “PubMed”

In this study, PKCepsilon transgenic mice showed increased TNFalpha shedding during skin tumor promotion, which may contribute to the development of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma.

Melatonin Regulates the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway via the CircMPP5-miR-211-MAPK3 Axis to Induce Secondary Hair Follicle Differentiation and Development in Newborn Cashmere Goat Kids

research Melatonin regulates the mitogen-activated protein kinase ( MAPK ) pathway via the circMPP5-miR-211-MAPK3 axis to induce secondary hair follicle differentiation and development in newborn Cashmere goat kids

1 citations , October 2022 in “Research Square (Research Square)”

This study found that melatonin treatment in Cashmere goat kids enhances the density of secondary hair follicles and improves Cashmere quality by regulating the MAPK pathway and reducing cell apoptosis.

research Several Selective Protein Kinase C Inhibitors Including Procyanidins Promote Hair Growth

32 citations , January 2000 in “Skin pharmacology and physiology”

In this study, procyanidin B-2 and C-1 were found to promote hair growth by selectively inhibiting protein kinase C, supporting their potential use for hair-growing activity.

research Bisindolylmaleimide Protein-Kinase-C Inhibitors Delay the Decline in DNA Synthesis in Mouse Hair Follicle Organ Cultures

11 citations , January 1997 in “Skin Pharmacology and Physiology”

This study found that bisindolylmaleimide PKC inhibitors increased DNA synthesis in mouse hair follicles, suggesting that PKC may inhibit hair follicle proliferation.

research The biphasic regulatory effect of diphencyprone on mouse hair growth and its relation to protein kinase C isoforms

March 1998 in “Journal of dermatological science”

Diphencyprone initially increases mouse hair growth, then slows it, possibly due to changes in specific protein levels.

research Induction of hair growth by skin irritants and its relation to skin protein kinase C isoforms

10 citations , April 1999 in “British journal of dermatology/British journal of dermatology, Supplement”

This study found that anthralin and sodium dodecyl sulfate accelerated hair growth in mice, potentially involving different skin protein kinase C isoform responses.

research 1332 Janus kinase inhibitor increases hair growth by increasing beta-catenin activity in outer root sheath cells

April 2023 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study found that JAK1 and JAK2 inhibitors increase β-catenin activity in human hair follicle cells, suggesting an additional therapeutic mechanism for treating severe alopecia areata.

research Protein Kinase C as a Therapeutic Target

87 citations , September 2006 in “Clinical Cancer Research”

This article reviews the diverse roles of protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes in cancer biology, highlighting their potential as therapeutic targets, but reports no new experimental results.

research Wedelolactone, a medicinal plant-derived coumestan, induces caspase-dependent apoptosis in prostate cancer cells via downregulation of PKCε without inhibiting Akt

83 citations , October 2012 in “International Journal of Oncology”

In this in vitro study, wedelolactone induced selective apoptosis in prostate cancer cells by inhibiting 5-Lox activity, suggesting it may have potential as a treatment for prostate cancer.

research Skin Cancer: Mechanisms and Human Relevance

213 citations , December 1994 in “Medical Entomology and Zoology”

This article reviews various aspects of skin cancer, including animal models, molecular mechanisms, immunity roles, and potential chemoprevention strategies, but reports no new experimental results.

research Androgens Induce Nongenomic Stimulation of Colonic Contractile Activity through Induction of Calcium Sensitization and Phosphorylation of LC20 and CPI-17

31 citations , March 2010 in “Molecular Endocrinology”

This study identified that androgens increase calcium sensitization in mouse colonic smooth muscle by activating the Rho/Rho kinase pathway, highlighting its role in modulating muscle contractility.

research Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Stabilizes Hemidesmosomes in Keratinocytes

5 citations , November 2021 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study found that inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling disrupted hemidesmosome organization in keratinocytes, suggesting potential therapeutic targets for HD-defective diseases like epidermolysis bullosa.