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Molecular diagnostics help identify genetic defects causing endocrine diseases, improving diagnosis and treatment options.

Metformin helps with menstrual cycles and insulin levels in PCOS but is less effective for hair growth, diabetes prevention, and weight loss, and may improve fertility and reduce diabetes risk.

Testing for CAG repeat polymorphism in the androgen receptor gene is not currently recommended for managing hypogonadism.

New androgen receptor modulators show promise for treating diseases like prostate cancer and muscle wasting.

Testosterone therapy seems safe for postmenopausal women for a few years, but more research is needed for long-term effects.

Reproductive hormones play a crucial role in breast cancer development and treatment challenges.

Rutin may help treat symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in rats.

Paeoniflorin protects brain cells by involving a specific protein and neurosteroids.

Progestogens are essential in menopausal hormone therapy to prevent uterine cancer and must be chosen carefully based on individual needs.

Long-term use of finasteride in women can cause hormonal changes, DNA damage, and menstrual issues.

Longer CAG repeat lengths in the androgen receptor gene are linked to higher testosterone levels in women with PCOS.

Nuclear hormone receptors play a significant role in skin wound healing and could lead to better treatment methods.

Medications for PCOS don't seem to raise heart disease risk.

Most adrenal cortex tumors are benign and non-secreting, but proper diagnosis and treatment are important due to the rare possibility of cancer.

Androgen receptors are key for development and health, affecting conditions like prostate cancer and male pattern baldness.

New therapies are being developed that target integrin pathways to treat various diseases.

Indian jujube has many medicinal properties and can help treat ailments like diabetes, inflammation, and cancer.

Menopause reduces skin collagen and elasticity, and while estrogen therapy can help, its risks require careful consideration.

Melatonin receptors in hair follicles help regulate hair growth and could treat hair loss.

Too much β-catenin activity can mess up the development of mammary glands and make them more like hair follicles.

Certain gene variants may contribute to high androgen levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Many women experience sexual dysfunction, but few seek help, and better treatment and medical training are needed.

Some patients taking finasteride or dutasteride may have ongoing sexual problems and depression even after stopping the medication.

The guideline provides healthcare professionals in South Africa with instructions for comprehensive, multidisciplinary gender-affirming care, including HIV prevention and treatment for transgender and gender diverse individuals.

Primary care is key in managing PCOS, focusing on lifestyle changes and medications like birth control and metformin.

In Japan, sex reassignment surgery for gender identity disorder faces challenges and needs better medical support and education.

Testosterone replacement can help women with low libido and mood, but they need to have enough estrogen first to avoid side effects.

Testosterone replacement may help some postmenopausal women with symptoms like fatigue and low libido, but more research is needed to fully understand its effects.

Cyproterone acetate is the preferred treatment for women's hyperandrogenism when estrogen/progestogen use is safe.

Hormonal therapies are safe and effective for treating acne in female adolescents, with specific treatments for those with endocrine disorders.