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This study found significant correlations between old and new ultrasound devices for measuring NF and ovarian volume, being the first on the African continent to reassess ultrasound criteria for PCOS.

This case report describes three instances where occult ovarian Leydig cell tumors were suspected based on severe hyperandrogenism symptoms, despite negative imaging findings, highlighting that elevated testosterone levels are a crucial diagnostic marker.

This study reported that MRI-based ovarian morphology shows significant overlap between PCOS cases and controls, highlighting the need to consider clinical and biochemical data alongside imaging findings for PCOS diagnosis.

This case report describes a 58-year-old woman whose virilization symptoms were linked to a steroid tumor of the ovary, emphasizing the importance of prompt diagnosis and treatment to improve her quality of life.

This case report describes a 72-year-old woman with a steroid cell tumor of the ovary, highlighting the critical role of imaging, biochemical evaluation, and pathology in diagnosing and managing hormonally active ovarian tumors that cause virilization in postmenopausal women.

This case study found that a 1.6cm ovarian Leydig cell tumor, causing hyperandrogenism in a postmenopausal woman, evaded detection on standard imaging techniques, underscoring the difficulty of diagnosing such tumors with imaging alone.

This case series detailed three postmenopausal women with ovarian steroid cell tumors, highlighting that such tumors may present asymptomatically or with virilization, and found surgery effectively normalized androgen levels, with distinctive imaging features aiding diagnosis.

This case series highlights that diagnosing ovarian Leydig cell tumors can be challenging, and expert sonography is crucial for accurate identification, as imaging modalities like CT, MRI, and PET-CT may fail to detect them.

This case report illustrates that Leydig cell tumors, despite causing significantly elevated androgen levels, can be difficult to localize due to their small size, as demonstrated in a 42-year-old woman whose tumor was only identified after oophorectomy.

This study found that the prevalence of polycystic ovarian morphology is high among women aged 21-45 with acne and/or androgenic alopecia, especially in those with combined dermatological symptoms.

A 73-year-old woman's unusual hair loss and growth led to the discovery of a rare condition causing too much testosterone, which improved after her ovaries were removed.

This review discusses the diagnostic criteria for polycystic ovary syndrome and reports no new results; the authors propose more robust criteria to address diagnostic variability and measurement uncertainty.

In this case study, a 68-year-old woman with hyperandrogenism and presumed ovarian origin responded well to GnRH agonist therapy, normalizing testosterone levels and stabilizing blood pressure, suggesting its effectiveness as a non-surgical treatment option.

This review examines the causes, assessment, and treatments of hirsutism and highlights the need for future research in managing this condition but presents no new research findings.

This case study reports that medical imaging of the ovaries may not always conclusively identify the cause of postmenopausal hyperandrogenism, as demonstrated by a patient with a rare condition.

This article reports two cases where ovarian hyperthecosis caused hyperandrogenism in postmenopausal women, confirmed by imaging and resolved after bilateral oophorectomy.

This case report highlights the diagnostic challenge of identifying androgen-secreting ovarian Leydig cell tumors in postmenopausal women when imaging fails to reveal masses, emphasizing the usefulness of ovarian vein sampling for localization.

In this case study, researchers identified a Leydig cell tumor in a 56-year-old postmenopausal woman with virilization symptoms by using ovarian vein sampling, as imaging was nonrevealing, and confirmed the tumor's location using testosterone ratios, which supported previous findings.

In this case report, a 55-year-old postmenopausal woman was diagnosed with ovarian hyperthecosis as the cause of her hyperandrogenism after detailed hormonal and imaging investigations, which was successfully treated with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, leading to symptom improvement and normalized testosterone levels.

This case report describes a postmenopausal woman with androgenic alopecia and progressive hirsutism who, despite normal imaging, had significantly elevated testosterone due to a Leydig cell tumor, revealed after surgical exploration; the condition improved post-surgery, underscoring the importance of considering such tumors in similar presentations.

This study examined a case of postmenopausal virilization in a woman and found that despite normal imaging, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy revealed rare ovarian Leydig cell and Brenner tumors as the source of hyperandrogenism, with symptoms resolving post-surgery.

This clinical case study reports on a postmenopausal woman experiencing hair loss and virilization symptoms, which were ultimately attributed to rare ovarian tumors identified after a bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, despite normal imaging results.

In this case report, a 66-year-old postmenopausal woman with hyperandrogenism and alopecia underwent bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, which revealed rare synchronous ovarian tumors causing virilization, highlighting the importance of surgical exploration despite normal imaging.

This review highlights recent advances in ultrasound-based radiomics and radiogenomics for ovarian cancer, suggesting these techniques improve diagnostic accuracy and patient-specific treatment strategies, despite ongoing challenges with standardization and model interpretability.

This article reviews existing knowledge on postmenopausal hyperandrogenism and highlights diagnostic challenges, reporting no new clinical results.

This paper discusses four rare causes of hyperandrogenism in women, emphasizing the importance of detailed biochemical testing and invasive diagnostic tools when imaging fails to identify ovarian tumors.

This review discusses ovarian hyperthecosis as a rare cause of androgenetic alopecia in postmenopausal women and reports no new results; the authors highlight the need to explore its relationship to alopecia further.

This report describes the first known case of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis in a woman under 40, associated with both metabolic syndrome and polycystic ovarian syndrome.

This report describes two cases of postmenopausal hyperandrogenism where GnRH analogue use suggested an ovarian source of excess androgens, leading to a diagnosis of benign ovarian tumors.

In this study, two women with hyperandrogenic symptoms were found to have ovarian Leydig cell tumors after selective ovarian venous sampling and salpingo-oophorectomy, leading to a decline in testosterone levels post-surgery.