11 citations
,
October 2001 in “Dermatologic Clinics” In this study, subcutaneous recombinant human IL-12 showed a 43% partial response rate in early-stage mycosis fungoides patients refractory to previous treatments, with generally mild to moderate adverse events reported.
3 citations
,
November 2005 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings” Enhancing regulatory T cells may help treat autoimmune diseases like alopecia areata.
July 2025 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” Enhancing Tregs can protect against alopecia areata.
July 2024 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” Expanding regulatory T cells may help treat alopecia areata by reducing harmful immune cells.
November 2025 in “JEADV Clinical Practice” In this retrospective cohort study, patients using leflunomide for primary autoimmune conditions showed a decreased risk of developing alopecia areata, while those using methotrexate, cyclosporine, and rituximab had an increased risk.
86 citations
,
June 2018 in “Cochrane library” This review update suggests that mycophenolate mofetil may increase complete disease remission in proliferative lupus nephritis compared to intravenous cyclophosphamide, but with low certainty of evidence.
April 2025 in “BMC Immunology” This study highlights the role of immune dysregulation, microRNA modulation, and SIRT1 pathways in alopecia areata, suggesting antisense oligonucleotides targeting miR-485-3p as a promising therapeutic strategy for promoting hair regrowth and reducing inflammation in murine models.
November 2025 in “The Journal of Immunology” In a murine model of alopecia areata, this study observed that the IL-2 fusion protein HCW9302 helped prevent disease development by expanding regulatory T cells and reducing disease-causing effector T cell infiltrates, suggesting potential for using IL-2 fusion proteins in alopecia areata treatment.
April 2017 in “Journal of Dermatological Science” This study found that B cells have dual roles in tumor immunity, with regulatory B cells potentially hindering immune responses against tumors in the melanoma mouse model.
9 citations
,
May 2005 in “Expert Review of Clinical Immunology” This article examines anticytokine therapies for autoimmune diseases, highlighting the potential of anti-interferon-γ as a universal treatment for certain conditions and noting varying effectiveness of tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors.
5 citations
,
June 2022 in “Frontiers in immunology” This study observed that expanding regulatory T cells in the skin of mice with alopecia areata did not reverse the condition, indicating that additional immunotherapy may be necessary.
April 2023 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” Contact immunotherapy can change immune responses in alopecia areata, suggesting new treatment targets.
22 citations
,
April 1998 in “Dermatologic Clinics” This article reviews the therapeutic use of interferons and other cytokines in various viral, tumorous, and inflammatory diseases, discussing their biological effects and potential future applications without presenting new experimental results.
14 citations
,
March 2017 in “Genes and immunity” Certain microRNAs may help treat alopecia areata by targeting immune pathways.
1 citations
,
November 1991 in “PubMed” This report describes a case of polymyositis that was resistant to steroids and immunosuppressants but showed improvement with immunoadsorption therapy.
August 2026 in “Cell Insight” This review discusses how regulatory T cells may also promote tissue regeneration through specialized pathways, in addition to their traditional role in maintaining immune tolerance, but reports no new experimental results.
November 2025 in “Frontiers in Immunology” This study introduces stem cell activity as a key factor influencing the effects of IFN-γ and TGF-β1 on autoimmune disease dynamics, showing that varying cytokine levels can modulate stem cell activity and immune privilege, impacting tissue regeneration and disease flares.
63 citations
,
May 2017 in “American Journal of Clinical Dermatology” This review found that patients with alopecia areata may have lower levels of vitamin D, zinc, and folate, but conflicting evidence precludes definitive clinical recommendations for micronutrient supplementation.
34 citations
,
January 1987 in “Dermatology” In this study, topical minoxidil was found to be an effective, safe, and easy treatment for individuals with alopecia areata affecting 25–99% of the scalp, but less effective for total scalp hair loss.
29 citations
,
January 2004 in “Experimental Dermatology” In this study, anthralin treatment led to hair regrowth in alopecia areata-like affected C3H/HeJ mice, suggesting it may be an effective therapy for this condition.
45 citations
,
July 2002 in “The Neurologist” This article reviews the challenges of using disease-modifying therapy for multiple sclerosis and offers strategies to improve treatment adherence and manage adverse effects, but reports no new clinical findings.
April 2018 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” This study found that DC-HIL+ myeloid derived suppressor cells are increased in the blood and skin of patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus and show immunosuppressive properties.
January 2026 in “Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine” This paper proposes a model integrating regulatory T cells and mesenchymal stem/stromal cells to enhance understanding of peripheral immune tolerance, suggesting their combined roles in immune regulation, autoimmunity pathophysiology, and potential MSC-based therapies.
May 2024 in “Frontiers in Medicine” Targeted immunological therapies offer safer and more effective treatments for skin conditions like eczema and psoriasis.
May 2023 in “The Journal of Immunology” In this study, treatment with IL-2C to expand Tregs effectively halted hair loss progression in a murine model of alopecia areata.
12 citations
,
March 2021 in “JAAD Case Reports” This study reported that immunotherapy in cancer patients can lead to skin-related immune adverse events, such as rashes, pruritus, and vitiligo, affecting a substantial proportion of patients.
1 citations
,
January 2023 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences” This review explores the role of Tregs in autoimmune skin diseases, transplantation, and skin cancer, and discusses Tregs-based therapies' potential for treating autoimmunity without reporting new experimental results.
1 citations
,
November 2025 in “Expert Review of Clinical Immunology” This review of sequential immunotherapy strategies for alopecia areata suggests that combining initial intensive immunosuppression with maintenance therapy may effectively manage disease progression by modulating inflammation and restoring immune tolerance.
9 citations
,
April 2024 in “Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews” 9 citations
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December 2021 in “Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas” This review discusses the characteristics and treatment recommendations for skin-related adverse effects from immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer treatment, and notes an observed association with favorable oncology outcomes that requires careful interpretation.