October 2025 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” In this case report, a transgender woman with refractory epilepsy began estrogen therapy for gender-affirming purposes, experiencing stable epilepsy and reduced gender dysphoria through ongoing multidisciplinary care, highlighting the importance of careful management for similar patients.
4 citations
,
January 1991 in “Journal of dermatological treatment” This study found that GnRH-A treatment significantly reduced hirsuties scores in women with mild idiopathic hirsuties but did not affect hair growth rate or diameter.
49 citations
,
October 1988 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” This study found that low doses of leuprolide effectively suppressed serum estradiol and LH response, while higher doses were needed to suppress testosterone and reduce hair growth in hirsute women.
64 citations
,
January 2000 in “The Analyst” This study describes an efficient gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for detecting estrone and 17 beta-estradiol concentrations in hair, finding differing levels in male and female samples.
26 citations
,
February 2009 in “Drug Development Research” This article reviews the potential neuroprotective effects of 17α‐estradiol in neurodegenerative diseases and highlights its possibly lower toxicity compared to more feminizing hormones, but it reports no new clinical findings.
23 citations
,
January 2016 in “Transgender health” In this case report, a transgender woman experienced scalp hair regrowth after approximately six months of oral estradiol and spironolactone treatment, achieving testosterone levels within the normal female range.
16 citations
,
August 2014 in “International Journal of Women's Health” The estradiol valerate/dienogest oral contraceptive helps with heavy periods, may improve acne and symptoms in PCOS, and doesn't affect sexual function.
8 citations
,
July 2022 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences” This study found that in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells, 17β-estradiol repressed polyamine oxidase transcription by interacting with AP-1 sites on its promoter.
5 citations
,
September 2024 in “Maturitas” In this study, an ultra-low dose combination of estradiol and dydrogesterone significantly reduced hot flushes and improved health-related quality of life among a multi-ethnic population of postmenopausal women, with no notable difference in serious adverse events compared to placebo.
This study found that hair and nails can effectively measure hormone changes such as testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone during the peripubertal period in dogs, with variations observed between males and females at specific developmental stages.
January 2014 in “Side effects of drugs annual” This review discusses the 2011 publications on the side effects of sex hormones and related compounds, without reporting new clinical results.
November 2023 in “International Journal of Women's Dermatology” In this study, female patients undergoing hormone replacement therapy showed improvements in frontal hairline appearance and increased hair plucking strength, suggesting positive effects of estradiol on hair growth while excluding age-related factors.
89 citations
,
December 1998 in “The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology” This study found that steroid hormone levels in human hair correlate significantly with those in serum, suggesting hair may be a viable medium for assessing hormonal status.
15 citations
,
February 2019 in “Internal Medicine Journal” This study found that experienced Australian prescribers of hormone therapy for transgender adults often follow international guidelines but highlight the need for better training and specific local guidelines.
5 citations
,
February 2019 in “Neuroscience letters” This study found that both declining levels of the neurosteroid THP and increasing levels of estradiol before puberty trigger maximal expression of α4βδ GABAA receptors in the CA1 hippocampus of female mice.
January 2017 in “Elsevier eBooks” This study suggests that progesterone may have a complex role in absence epilepsy, facilitating seizures through conversion to allopregnanolone, but potentially reducing them during pregnancy.
83 citations
,
February 1977 in “PubMed” This study found that exposing seasonally anestrous mares to extended light periods led to the earlier onset of endocrinologically normal estrous cycles, potentially allowing earlier breeding and foaling.
37 citations
,
January 1975 in “Journal of Experimental Zoology” This study found that thyroxine increased hair growth rate in rats, but estradiol decreased it, with both hormones affecting follicular cycles independently without altering ultimate hair length.
35 citations
,
July 2008 in “International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics” This study found that medroxyprogesterone acetate treatment in women with PCOS reduced hyperandrogenism-related hormonal levels and improved skin conditions without affecting lipid or carbohydrate metabolism.
34 citations
,
November 2017 in “Gynecological Endocrinology” This report describes a case of meningioma in a transwoman treated long-term with estradiol and cyproterone acetate, suggesting possible concern over female sex steroids and meningioma risk.
34 citations
,
March 2003 in “Veterinary Dermatology” This study found that in dogs with alopecia, certain steroid hormone levels were elevated, particularly progesterone, but not all hormone abnormalities were consistent across breeds, suggesting the need for breed-specific evaluation.
33 citations
,
January 2017 in “Conservation physiology” This study found that measuring reproductive hormone levels in brown bear hair may effectively support non-invasive genetic sampling, though larger samples or more sensitive techniques are needed for broader application.
26 citations
,
August 2021 in “Medicine” This study found that low levels of SHBG and testosterone were associated with higher mortality in men with severe COVID-19.
25 citations
,
May 2021 in “Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology/Journal of exposure science and environmental epidemiology” This study found that hair products commonly used by Black women exhibited hormonal activity, which could impact health outcomes and contribute to health disparities.
20 citations
,
January 1979 in “Journal of Experimental Zoology” In this study, epilation in female rats generally accelerated hair eruption, especially in successive cycles, with variations influenced by hormonal treatments and timing within the hair growth cycle.
19 citations
,
October 2019 in “BMC Neuroscience” This study found weak to very weak correlations between estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone levels in the cerebrospinal fluid and serum of males without cerebral disorders.
19 citations
,
March 1994 in “Fertility and sterility” This study found that treatment with a GnRH agonist and estrogen and progestin replacement significantly improved hirsutism scores and hair growth rates in women with polycystic ovarian disease.
14 citations
,
February 2015 in “Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association” This study reports that transdermal exposure to owners' topical hormone replacement therapy caused alopecia in six dogs, but the condition resolved after the therapy was discontinued.
12 citations
,
December 2020 in “Comprehensive psychoneuroendocrinology” This study found that progesterone levels were higher and increased significantly throughout pregnancy, contrasting with stable levels in non-pregnant women.
9 citations
,
December 1987 in “European journal of endocrinology” In this study, 12 months of cyproterone acetate and ethinyl oestradiol treatment significantly reduced hair growth rate and certain hormone levels in hirsute women, though hair density and prolactin levels remained unchanged.