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Glossary Alopecia Universalis

complete loss of all body and scalp hair

Alopecia Universalis (AU) is a severe form of alopecia areata characterized by the complete loss of hair on the scalp and body, including eyebrows and eyelashes. It is an autoimmune condition where the immune system mistakenly attacks hair follicles, leading to total hair loss.

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research Alopecia areata - need for a revision in morphological classification and scoring

January 2025 in “Medical Research Archives”

This study found that alopecia areata often affects beard hair as frequently as scalp hair, leading the authors to propose a new scoring system and a subtype called alopecia subuniversalis for extensive hair involvement.

research The treatment of alopecia areata

17 citations , December 2001 in “Dermatologic therapy”

This review discusses various treatment options for alopecia areata tailored by age and severity, providing a practical algorithm, but reports no new clinical results.

Topical Minoxidil for Hair Growth in Alopecia Areata and Androgenetica

research Topical Minoxidil

24 citations , February 1987 in “Drugs”

Minoxidil promotes hair regrowth, but more research needed for effectiveness and response factors.

research Genome-wide association study in alopecia areata implicates both innate and adaptive immunity

717 citations , June 2010 in “Nature”

This study identified key genetic regions associated with alopecia areata, highlighting both acquired and innate immune involvement, with a novel link to the upregulation of ULBP ligands in autoimmune disease.

research Alopecia areata is driven by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and is reversed by JAK inhibition

701 citations , August 2014 in “Nature medicine”

This study found that JAK inhibitors promote hair regrowth in both mice and human alopecia areata cases by blocking key immune pathways involved in disease development.

research Normalization of Mineral Ion Homeostasis by Dietary Means Prevents Hyperparathyroidism, Rickets, and Osteomalacia, But Not Alopecia in Vitamin D Receptor-Ablated Mice¹

519 citations , October 1998 in “Endocrinology”

The study found that normalizing mineral ion levels in vitamin D receptor-ablated mice prevented hyperparathyroidism and bone disorders but did not address hair loss, indicating the VDR's role in hair growth.

Alopecia Areata: An Autoimmune Disease Causing Hair Loss

research Alopecia Areata

421 citations , April 2012 in “The New England Journal of Medicine”

Alopecia Areata is an autoimmune condition causing hair loss with no cure and treatments that often don't work well.

research Alopecia Universalis Associated with a Mutation in the Human hairless Gene

412 citations , January 1998 in “Science”

This study identified a missense mutation in the human hairless gene associated with a rare form of recessively inherited alopecia universalis, pinpointed on chromosome 8p12.

research Alopecia areata update

391 citations , January 2010 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology”

This article reviews the clinical presentation and histopathologic features of alopecia areata and proposes a hypothesis for its development, but it reports no new clinical results.

research Familial aggregation of alopecia areata

295 citations , May 2016 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology”

This review examines the immunological aspects of alopecia areata, focusing on genetic, neuroimmunological, and immune privilege factors, but does not report new clinical findings.

research Alopecia Areata: an Update on Etiopathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management

290 citations , August 2021 in “Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology”

JAK inhibitors show promise for treating alopecia areata, but more research is needed.

Alopecia Areata: Overview and Insights from January 2018

research Alopecia areata

290 citations , December 2017 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology”

This article reviews the epidemiology, clinical evaluation, and pathogenesis of alopecia areata and highlights recent advancements, but it does not report new clinical findings.

research Lymphocytes, neuropeptides, and genes involved in alopecia areata

286 citations , August 2007 in “Journal of Clinical Investigation”

This review examines the interplay of genetics and neuroimmunology in alopecia areata, highlighting its potential to inform broader autoimmunity research, but reports no new findings.

research The pattern and profile of alopecia areata in Singapore – a study of 219 Asians

275 citations , November 2002 in “International Journal of Dermatology”

This study found that among an Asian population with alopecia areata, commonly first episodes occurred before age 40, with severe cases linked to psychological effects and treatments showing significant regrowth.

research Alopecia areata update

244 citations , January 2010 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology”

This review discusses treatment options for alopecia areata and suggests tailored treatment plans, noting the challenges posed by spontaneous remission and limited high-quality clinical trials.

research Tofacitinib for the treatment of severe alopecia areata and variants: A study of 90 patients

238 citations , November 2016 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology”

In this study, tofacitinib was reported to improve scalp hair regrowth in patients with severe alopecia areata, alopecia totalis, and alopecia universalis, showing a higher response in alopecia areata.

research Efficacy and safety of ritlecitinib in adults and adolescents with alopecia areata: a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, phase 2b–3 trial

227 citations , April 2023 in “The Lancet”

Ritlecitinib effectively treats alopecia areata and is well-tolerated.

research Safety and efficacy of the JAK inhibitor tofacitinib citrate in patients with alopecia areata

222 citations , September 2016 in “JCI insight”

This research overview highlights that although JAK inhibitors show promise as potential treatments for alopecia areata based on recent insights into the disease mechanism, their efficacy has not yet been thoroughly evaluated in a systematic manner.

research Keratinocyte growth factor is an important endogenous mediator of hair follicle growth, development, and differentiation. Normalization of the nu/nu follicular differentiation defect and amelioration of chemotherapy-induced alopecia.

219 citations , July 1995 in “PubMed”

This study found that recombinant keratinocyte growth factor (rKGF) stimulated hair growth and provided a protective effect against alopecia in murine models, suggesting its role in hair follicle development and regeneration.

research British Association of Dermatologists’ guidelines for the management of alopecia areata 2012

218 citations , April 2012 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

This updated guideline from the British Association of Dermatologists discusses current recommendations for managing alopecia areata but reports no new clinical research findings.

A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo- and Active-Controlled, Half-Head Study to Evaluate the Effects of Platelet-Rich Plasma on Alopecia Areata

research A randomized, double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled, half-head study to evaluate the effects of platelet-rich plasma on alopecia areata

205 citations , April 2013 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

In this study, platelet-rich plasma significantly increased hair regrowth and reduced symptoms of alopecia areata compared to triamcinolone acetonide or placebo, with no observed side effects.

research Oral ruxolitinib induces hair regrowth in patients with moderate-to-severe alopecia areata

196 citations , September 2016 in “JCI insight”

This study explored the effectiveness of the oral JAK1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib in treating patients with moderate-to-severe alopecia areata, building on prior success with JAK inhibitors in mice, but results are not reported in this abstract.

research Clinical significance of dermoscopy in alopecia areata: analysis of 300 cases

196 citations , June 2008 in “International Journal of Dermatology”

This study found that dermoscopic indicators like black dots and tapering hairs are valuable markers for diagnosing and assessing the severity and activity of alopecia areata in Asian patients.

research Alopecia areata: a review of disease pathogenesis

191 citations , May 2018 in “British journal of dermatology/British journal of dermatology, Supplement”

This study reviewed recent theories on alopecia areata's pathogenesis, highlighting its autoimmune nature due to immune privilege disruption in hair follicles, and noted current treatments have limited efficacy with high relapse rates, underscoring the need for further research into its mechanisms for better therapies.

research Alopecia Mucinosa

186 citations , October 1957 in “A M A Archives of Dermatology”

This paper presents a collection of unusual cases observed over seven years, with detailed histological descriptions but no definitive diagnoses, aiming to encourage further discussion and understanding of the disease process.

research Killing Two Birds with One Stone: Oral Tofacitinib Reverses Alopecia Universalis in a Patient with Plaque Psoriasis

185 citations , June 2014 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This case report describes complete hair regrowth in a patient with alopecia universalis and improved psoriasis after treatment with the oral Janus kinase inhibitor, tofacitinib.

research Alopecia Areata: A tissue specific autoimmune disease of the hair follicle

185 citations , August 2005 in “Autoimmunity Reviews”

This review discusses alopecia areata as a model for studying tissue-directed autoimmune diseases and reports no new clinical findings.

research Reversal of Alopecia Areata Following Treatment With the JAK1/2 Inhibitor Baricitinib

184 citations , February 2015 in “EBioMedicine”

This study observed that baricitinib treatment led to significant improvement in a patient's alopecia areata symptoms and suggests further clinical trials to explore its potential as a treatment.

Alopecia Areata: Treatment Options and Efficacy

research Alopecia areata

182 citations , December 2017 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology”

This article reviews current and emerging treatments for alopecia areata, including Janus kinase inhibitors, highlighting variability in clinical outcomes and the lack of sustained remission.

research Guidelines for the management of alopecia areata

182 citations , October 2003 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

These guidelines for alopecia areata management, prepared by the British Association of Dermatologists, provide evidence-based treatment recommendations and insights into the condition's epidemiology, diagnosis, and investigation.