Stem Cell Activity Shapes the Pleiotropic Effects of IFN-γ and TGF-β in Autoimmune Diseases, Infections, and Cancer, and Drives Autoimmune Flares and Remissions

This review explores emerging therapies for hair regrowth, highlighting two strategies: hair follicle neogenesis and Wnt/B-catenin pathway modulation, which show promise for treating alopecia by potentially offering more effective options than existing treatments.

This paper discusses the balance between target tissue destruction and recovery rates in autoimmune diseases, proposing that high recovery rates are crucial for remitting-relapsing patterns, while exercise might not be neuroprotective in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis.

Alopecia Areata affects 2% globally, with treatments like essential oils, garlic, and JAK inhibitors showing promise, but more research is needed.

This review discusses the composition, activation, and regulation of the JAK/STAT pathway and highlights its role and inhibitors in various diseases, but reports no new experimental results.

This study found that human hematopoietic mesenchymal stem cells increased the viability and migration of human outer root sheath cells in an in vitro alopecia areata model, involving Wnt/β-catenin and JAK/STAT pathways.

This study explored the complex roles of niche cells in regulating hair follicle stem cells, identifying specific cell functions such as signaling, sensing, and relaying messages, which could provide insights into treating hair loss conditions like androgenetic alopecia and alopecia areata.

This review discusses emerging research areas in alopecia areata pathobiology, highlighting the potential roles of unconventional immune cells and the need for more targeted therapeutic strategies, but reports no new experimental results.

This study found that T-regulatory cells, specifically the FOXP3 CD39 subset, were significantly reduced in both circulation and hair follicles of alopecia areata patients compared to healthy subjects, suggesting potential therapeutic targets.

This study found that stimulating the olfactory receptor OR2AT4 in human hair follicles with a synthetic sandalwood odorant promotes hair growth ex vivo by decreasing apoptosis and increasing IGF-1 production.

In this study, researchers found that quiescent stem cells resist immune attack due to downregulated antigen presentation, which may help explain the immune evasion of early cancer-initiating cells.

This review discusses the role of immune privilege collapse in the pathogenesis of alopecia areata, emphasizing the potential for therapeutic manipulation of hair bulb immune privilege to offer new treatment options, and reports no new results.

This article reviews the epidemiology, clinical evaluation, and pathogenesis of alopecia areata and highlights recent advancements, but it does not report new clinical findings.

This study found that activin A signaling is crucial for hair follicle neogenesis in human dermal papilla 3D cultures combined with mouse epidermal cells.

This review discusses the pathogenesis of alopecia areata, highlighting the role of immune privilege collapse in hair follicles but reports no clinical results.

This study found that aging in the epidermis disrupts cytokine balance and stem cell function, which may contribute to broader tumor-suppressive mechanisms.

In this study, IGF-I was shown to enhance human hair follicle growth, maintain the anagen phase, and increase expression of certain growth factors and anti-apoptotic markers.

This study identified TGF-β2 as a crucial signal in hair follicle stem cell regeneration, highlighting its role in counteracting BMP signaling to promote tissue regeneration.

Lgr5 is a marker for active, long-lasting stem cells in mouse hair follicles.

This study suggests that human hair follicles may actively suppress natural killer cells, which contrasts with the observed defects in NK cell regulation in alopecia areata.

This study found that intramuscular anti-IFN-γ significantly stabilized and promoted hair regrowth in alopecia areata patients with patchy, progressive hair loss, whereas those with total baldness showed more limited improvement.

This study found that topical application of FK506 stimulated hair growth in animals, which may occur independently of its immunosuppressive effects, though its effect on human hair growth remains unclear.