Nanotechnological Reprogramming of the Pathological Skin Microenvironment in Scar Formation and Atopic Dermatitis

This review discusses the potential of nanotechnology in treating hypertrophic scarring and atopic dermatitis (AD) by reprogramming the pathological skin microenvironment. Both conditions involve excessive fibrosis, chronic inflammation, immune dysregulation, and oxidative stress. Nanotherapeutic strategies, such as TGF-β siRNA delivery, ROS scavenging nanozymes, and lipid-replenishing nanoparticles, are highlighted for their ability to enhance skin penetration and retention, offering anti-fibrotic, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and barrier-restorative effects. The review suggests that future cutaneous nanotherapy will integrate regenerative and immunological strategies, moving towards personalized nanomedicine and bioinspired materials. However, ensuring long-term safety and targeting efficiency is crucial for clinical adoption.