Gender Differences in Skin Aging and the Changing Profile of the Sex Hormones with Age

The document from 2012 discusses the challenges anti-doping agencies face in detecting performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs), particularly peptide hormones like GH, IGF-I, insulin, and Epo, which require blood analysis for detection. It mentions that athletes have ceased using insulin due to its dangerous effects, but testosterone and anabolic steroids are still being used. The development of new medicines for wasting diseases and aging by the pharmaceutical industry inadvertently leads to new doping agents, complicating the work of anti-doping scientists. The paper covers the history of doping, the establishment of the International Olympic Committee's Medical Commission in 1967, and the progress in doping detection methods. It suggests that severe sanctions might deter doping if they were sufficiently strict. The review concludes by stating that there are still unanswered questions regarding the effectiveness, harm, and detectability of PEDs and evaluates the current landscape of doping agents, their impacts, and the athletes' ability to avoid detection.