Promoting Axonal Regeneration Through Exosomes: An Update of Recent Findings on Exosomal PTEN and mTOR Modifiers

The document reviews the role of exosomes in promoting axonal regeneration by influencing the PTEN-mTOR signaling pathways. It highlights how exosomal contents, such as microRNAs, polypeptides, and signaling molecules, can enhance axonal regeneration. The review discusses the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved, including the role of retinoic acid, its receptor RARß, and NADPH oxidase 2 complexes in promoting neurite outgrowth and axonal regeneration. It also covers a study by Tassew et al. (2017) that found fibroblast-derived exosomes promote neurite extension by activating Wnt10b and the mTOR pathway, which is crucial for optic nerve survival and regeneration in mice. The document acknowledges unresolved questions and the need for further research to understand the mechanisms of action and to develop targeted exosomal therapies for neural injuries.