The Evolution of Three Generations of Platelet Concentrates Products: A Leap from Classical Formulations to the Era of Extracellular Vesicles

August 2025 in “ Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology ”

Y Li, Huimin You, Chi-Yu Ou, Hongyuan Zhu, Biao Cheng, Ju Tian

platelet-rich plasma extracellular vesicles platelet-derived exosomes regenerative medicine platelet concentrates PRP PLEXOs platelet-rich fibrin PRF

TLDR Platelet-derived exosomes offer better regenerative therapy but face challenges in isolation and regulation.

The document outlines the evolution of platelet concentrates (PCs) through three generations, from classical formulations like platelet-rich plasma (PRP) to advanced extracellular vesicle (EV) therapies. First-generation PCs focus on rapid growth factor release but have limitations such as short bioavailability. Second-generation products improve sustained release but face challenges in mechanical strength. Third-generation PCs, including advanced PRF and injectable PRF, enhance therapeutic outcomes through optimized centrifugation and structural modifications. The paper highlights the potential of exosome carriers, particularly dual-targeted ones, in targeted delivery and immune evasion, with innovations like CRISPR-Cas9 for precise modifications and the SpyTag/SpyCatcher system for functional protein attachment. It emphasizes the need for standardized protocols and functional validation to improve clinical outcomes and suggests future research should focus on refining classifications and enhancing therapeutic efficacy.