20 citations
,
March 2021 in “Drug design, development and therapy” This review summarizes the pharmacology, mechanisms, and clinical efficacy of topical immunotherapy for alopecia areata but reports no new clinical results.
44 citations
,
April 2017 in “International Journal of Dermatology” This study reviewed treatment options for alopecia areata totalis and universalis, finding no completely effective therapy. Promising treatments with quality data include diphenylcyclopropenone, squaric acid dibutylester, and photodynamic therapy, but larger, high-quality trials are needed.
41 citations
,
November 2015 in “The journal of investigative dermatology. Symposium proceedings/The Journal of investigative dermatology symposium proceedings” This study found that diphenylcyclopropenone therapy resulted in over 50% hair regrowth in 71% of alopecia totalis patients, with a significant relapse association with thyroid disease, suggesting treatment could be viable but should continue for at least two years.
45 citations
,
January 2010 in “International journal of trichology” This review examines topical immunotherapy for severe alopecia areata, noting that diphencyprone and squaric acid dibutylester are non-mutagenic options with similar efficacy but different practical considerations, and reports no new clinical results.
37 citations
,
September 2009 in “JEADV. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology/Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology” This study found that diphencyprone is an effective and safe treatment for extensive alopecia areata, especially with long-term therapy and maintenance to reduce relapse risk.
28 citations
,
January 2005 in “PubMed” This review discusses the use, mechanism, and side effects of topical immunomodulators in treating immune-mediated skin disorders and reports no new clinical results, urging further research on experimental agents.