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Alopecia areata's causes are unclear, treatments exist but relapses are common.

Methotrexate treats various disorders by inhibiting DNA synthesis, but careful monitoring is needed to avoid toxicity and manage side effects.

High-fructose diets can cause irreversible kidney damage.

Most patients with chronic kidney disease have skin problems, which get worse as the disease progresses, and dialysis doesn't greatly reduce these issues.

The proteins transthyretin and megalin are more present in the growth phase of hair, suggesting they might affect hair health and growth.

Testosterone is crucial for development, growth, and various body functions in mammals.

Rare ULBP3 gene changes may raise the risk of Alopecia areata, a certain FAS gene deletion could cause a dysfunctional protein in an immune disorder, and having one copy of a specific genetic deletion is okay, but two copies cause sickle cell disease.

The document concludes that systemic therapy is becoming more important in treating head and neck cancer, with new treatments showing promise.

Long COVID causes a wide range of long-lasting symptoms that change over time and are hard to diagnose and treat.

The enzyme PST is found in developing human kidneys and helps with detoxification and development.

Myo-inositol supplements may improve insulin sensitivity and help with conditions like PCOS and gestational diabetes, but more research is needed.

Using anabolic androgenic steroids can cause serious, lasting health problems in many parts of the body.

Recent genetic insights show that low-renin hypertension includes a range from essential hypertension to secondary or familial forms, affecting diagnosis and treatment.

COVID-19 may harm male fertility and damage the reproductive system.

The conclusion is that endocrinology significantly impacts medicine with various common medications used for treatment.

Drug repurposing is a cost-effective way to find new uses for existing drugs, speeding up treatment development.

The document concludes that accurate diagnosis of male and female gonadal disorders is crucial for effective treatment and better patient outcomes.

Cepharanthine is a well-tolerated drug with multiple medical uses, including anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties.

Melatonin affects many body functions beyond sleep by interacting with specific receptors in various tissues.

Mice without the vitamin D receptor have bone issues and other health problems, suggesting vitamin D is important for preventing various diseases in humans.

Early diagnosis and treatment of TPP can prevent complications.

Nitric Oxide has potential in medicine, especially for infections and heart treatments, but its short life and delivery challenges limit its use.

Diagnosing sex development disorders requires combining medical history, physical exams, imaging, lab tests, and genetic data.

Topical vitamin D is effective in treating vitiligo with few side effects.

Urologists should monitor mental health in patients taking finasteride due to potential links to suicidal thoughts, adjusting dosage or stopping use if necessary. More research is needed to confirm if finasteride causes these thoughts.

Traditional Chinese medicinal foods may help manage long-term post-COVID symptoms.

The enzyme steroid sulfatase is linked to breast cancer and other conditions, and inhibitors are being developed for treatment.

The Wnt/β-catenin pathway is important for tissue development and has potential in regenerative medicine, but requires more research for therapeutic use.

Advanced therapies like gene, cell, and tissue engineering show promise for hair regrowth in alopecia, but their safety and effectiveness need more verification.

More research is needed to understand how testosterone is maintained in adult males.