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GlossaryMHC Class II (MHC II)

molecules on immune cells presenting antigens to T-helper cells

MHC Class II, or Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II, are molecules found on the surface of certain immune cells, such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells. They play a crucial role in the immune system by presenting foreign antigens to T-helper cells, which then activate other immune responses to fight off infections.

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T-Cell Induced-Self MHC Class I/Peptide Complexes May Enable De Novo Tolerance Induction to Neo-Antigens Occurring Outside of the Thymus

research T-Cell Induced-Self MHC Class I/Peptide Complexes May Enable De Novo Tolerance Induction to Neo-Antigens Occurring Outside of the Thymus

8 citations, October 2016 in “Experimental dermatology”

Hair follicles may help teach the immune system to tolerate new self-antigens, but this can sometimes cause hair loss.

research Transplantation Immunology: Solid Organ and Bone Marrow

139 citations, February 2010 in “The journal of allergy and clinical immunology/Journal of allergy and clinical immunology/The journal of allergy and clinical immunology”

Transplant success has improved with better immunosuppressive drugs and donor matching.

research Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) May Award Relative Protection from Interferon-γ-Induced Collapse of Human Hair Follicle Immune Privilege

47 citations, December 2011 in “Experimental Dermatology”

CGRP may help protect hair follicles from immune system attacks, potentially slowing hair loss.

Hair Follicle-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Decrease Alopecia Areata Mouse Hair Loss and Reduce Inflammation Around the Hair Follicle

research Hair Follicle-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Decrease Alopecia Areata Mouse Hair Loss and Reduce Inflammation Around the Hair Follicle

11 citations, October 2021 in “Stem Cell Research & Therapy”

Hair follicle stem cells reduced hair loss and inflammation in mice with a condition similar to human alopecia.

Exacerbation of Alopecia Areata During Pegylated Interferon Alpha-2b and Ribavirin Therapy, Possibly Due to the Collapse of Hair Follicle Immune Privilege

research Exacerbation of Alopecia Areata During Pegylated Interferon Alpha-2b and Ribavirin Therapy, Possibly Due to the Collapse of Hair Follicle Immune Privilege

10 citations, September 2014 in “European Journal of Dermatology”

A woman's hair loss worsened after starting hepatitis C treatment due to immune changes in her hair follicles.

research Human Hair Follicle-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from the Lower Dermal Sheath as a Competitive Alternative for Immunomodulation

7 citations, January 2022 in “Biomedicines”

Cells from the lower part of hair follicles are a promising, less invasive option for immune system therapies.

research UVB-Induced Depletion of Donor-Derived Dendritic Cells Prevents Allograft Rejection of Immune-Privileged Hair Follicles in Humanized Mice

6 citations, November 2018 in “American journal of transplantation”

UV light helped human hair transplants survive in mice without broad immunosuppression.

Selective Delivery of Tofacitinib Citrate to Hair Follicles Using Lipid-Coated Calcium Carbonate Nanocarriers Controls Chemotherapy-Induced Alopecia Areata

research Selective Delivery of Tofacitinib Citrate to Hair Follicles Using Lipid-Coated Calcium Carbonate Nanocarriers Controls Chemotherapy-Induced Alopecia Areata

3 citations, May 2023 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

A new treatment using nanoparticles can effectively prevent and reduce hair loss caused by chemotherapy.

Tyrosine Kinase 2 Inhibition Ameliorates the Phenotype of Lesional Alopecia Areata Scalp Skin Ex Vivo, and Reverses the Induction of Human Alopecia Areata in a Humanized Mouse Model

research Tyrosine Kinase 2 Inhibition Ameliorates the Phenotype of Lesional Alopecia Areata Scalp Skin Ex Vivo, and Reverses the Induction of Human Alopecia Areata in a Humanized Mouse Model

November 2022 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

TYK2 inhibition may help treat alopecia areata by promoting hair growth and reducing immune response.

research Selective Inhibition of Tyrosine Kinase 2 Prevents and Restores Interleukin-12-Induced Hair Follicle Immune Privilege Collapse: A Novel Approach to Alopecia Areata Therapy?

October 2021 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Blocking IL-12 can help treat alopecia areata by preventing hair follicle immune issues.

research Dandruff Lesional Scalp Skin Exhibits Epidermal T Cell Infiltration and a Weakened Hair Follicle Immune Privilege

March 2024 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science”

Dandruff is linked to increased T cells and weakened immune protection in hair follicles.

research Quiescent Tissue Stem Cells Evade Immune Surveillance

169 citations, February 2018 in “Immunity”

Inactive stem cells in hair follicles and muscles can avoid detection by the immune system.

Study of Human Leukocyte Antigen in 13 Cases of Familial Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia: CYP21A2 Gene p.V281L Mutation from Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Linked to HLA Class I Haplotype HLA-A*33:01; B*14:02; C*08:02 as a Genetic Marker

research Study of Human Leukocyte Antigen in 13 Cases of Familial Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia: CYP21A2 Gene p.V281L Mutation from Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Linked to HLA Class I Haplotype HLA-A33:01; B14:02; C*08:02 as a Genetic Marker

7 citations, January 2019 in “Australasian Journal of Dermatology”

A genetic marker linked to a type of hair loss was found in most patients studied.

research Possible Role of ILC1 in the Pathogenesis of Alopecia Areata

3 citations, April 2019 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

ILC1 cells contribute to hair loss in alopecia areata.

Pre-Clinical In-Vitro Assays for High Throughput Screening of Drug Candidates for Protection and Restoration of Immune Privilege in Alopecia Areata

research Pre-Clinical In-Vitro Assays for High Throughput Screening of Drug Candidates for Protection and Restoration of Immune Privilege in Alopecia Areata

April 2023 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

The research developed methods to test drugs that could protect and restore hair follicle protection in a hair loss condition.

research Exploring the Potential of the Novel IFNγ Aptamer TAGX-0003 as a Treatment for Alopecia Areata in Pre-Clinical Models

October 2021 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

The new aptamer TAGX-0003 shows promise as an effective treatment for hair loss disorder alopecia areata.

research Tyrosine Kinase 2 Inhibition Rescues Hair Follicles From IL-12-Mediated Immune Privilege Collapse And Reverses Human Alopecia Areata In A Humanized Mouse Model

July 2022 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Inhibiting TYK2 can restore hair growth in alopecia areata.

research The Role of Hair Follicle Immune Privilege Collapse in Alopecia Areata: Status and Perspectives

79 citations, December 2013 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings”

Alopecia areata may be treated by restoring hair follicle immune privilege and adjusting immune responses.

research Alopecia Areata: A Review of the Role of Oxidative Stress, Possible Biomarkers, and Potential Novel Therapeutic Approaches

15 citations, January 2023 in “Antioxidants”

Oxidative stress plays a significant role in alopecia areata, and new treatments may include JAK inhibitors and antioxidants.

research Single-Cell Transcriptomics Reveals a Senescence-Associated IL-6/CCR6 Axis Driving Radiodermatitis

9 citations, July 2022 in “EMBO molecular medicine”

Blocking certain immune signals can reduce skin damage from radiation therapy.

research Skin Commensal Antigens: Taking the Road Less Traveled

February 2018 in “Trends in Immunology”

Skin bacteria can help wound healing by activating certain immune cells.

research Probing the Effects of Stress Mediators on the Human Hair Follicle

159 citations, December 2007 in “American Journal of Pathology”

Stress-related substance P may lead to hair loss and negatively affect hair growth.

research The Function and Structure of the Skin

4 citations, November 2014

The skin protects the body, regulates temperature, senses touch, and makes vitamin D.

research Alopecia Areata: Animal Models Illuminate Autoimmune Pathogenesis and Novel Immunotherapeutic Strategies

82 citations, March 2016 in “Autoimmunity reviews”

Animal models have helped understand hair loss from alopecia areata and find new treatments.

research CXCR3 Blockade Inhibits T Cell Migration Into the Skin and Prevents Development of Alopecia Areata

64 citations, July 2016 in “Journal of Immunology”

Blocking the CXCR3 receptor reduces T cell accumulation in the skin and prevents hair loss in mice.

research An Overview of JAK/STAT Pathways and JAK Inhibition in Alopecia Areata

40 citations, August 2022 in “Frontiers in immunology”

Blocking JAK/STAT pathways can help treat hair loss from alopecia areata.

research Topical Minoxidil Counteracts Stress-Induced Hair Growth Inhibition in Mice

30 citations, September 2003 in “Experimental Dermatology”

Minoxidil helps prevent stress-caused hair loss in mice.

research Somatostatin Expression in Human Hair Follicles and Its Potential Role in Immune Privilege

27 citations, January 2013 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Somatostatin may help protect hair follicles from immune attacks.

research Changes in Distribution Pattern of CD8 Lymphocytes in the Scalp in Alopecia Areata During Treatment With Diphenylcyclopropenone

27 citations, May 2007 in “Archives of dermatological research”

Diphencyprone treatment increases CD8 lymphocytes in the scalp, which is associated with hair regrowth in alopecia areata patients.

research Effects of Imiquimod on Hair Follicle Stem Cells and Hair Cycle Progression

25 citations, July 2016 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Imiquimod cream activates hair follicle stem cells and causes early hair growth by changing immune cells and certain protein expressions.