February 2023 in “Mağallaẗ Tikrīt li-l-ʻulūm al-ṣirfaẗ/Tikrit journal of pure science” Horse skin has a layered epidermis, a dermis with hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands, and is supplied by small arteries.
March 2015 in “Plastic and reconstructive surgery” Human skin has multiple layers and functions, with key roles in protection, temperature control, and appearance.
July 2022 in “International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics” The optimized caffeine formula improved hair growth and penetrated all skin layers.
36 citations,
October 2014 in “Langmuir” Bleaching hair removes its protective top layer and exposes more hydrophilic groups, changing its chemical surface and affecting how it interacts with products.
15 citations,
January 1992 in “Sen'i Gakkaishi” The Cell Membrane Complex in hair has both water-attracting and water-repelling layers.
5 citations,
April 2024 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)” Aging skin shows thinner layers, fewer hair follicles, and new biomarkers like increased space between cells and smaller sebaceous glands.
1 citations,
July 2021 in “Dermatologic Surgery” Removing the outer layer of skin cells from hair grafts does not change the graft survival rate but may improve how it looks right after surgery.
1 citations,
January 2018 in “Elsevier eBooks” The skin's dermal layer contains true stem cells with diverse functions and interactions that need more research to fully understand.
May 2024 in “Journal of biomaterials science. Polymer ed.” The three-layer microneedle system effectively delivers minoxidil into the skin, showing potential as a safe and efficient treatment for hair loss.
January 2024 in “RSC pharmaceutics” Removing the outer skin layer increases drug absorption and offers non-invasive treatment options, with some methods allowing for quick skin recovery.
September 2022 in “The American journal of dermatopathology/American journal of dermatopathology” A patient with a thick scalp and hair loss was correctly diagnosed with alopecia areata and a thick scalp fat layer, not lipedematous alopecia, and regrew hair after treatment.
January 2020 in “Korean journal of ophthalmology/Korean Journal of Ophthalmology” Minoxidil increases cell layer permeability by reducing tight junction proteins and raising ROS levels.
745 citations,
February 1992 in “Trends in genetics” Hair follicles create different cell layers and proteins, controlled by various molecules.
18 citations,
August 2017 in “PLOS ONE” Skin and its underlying fat layer act together to resist mechanical stress, and reinforcing this composite structure may help more with anti-aging than just strengthening the skin alone.
1 citations,
January 2023 in “Burns & Trauma” Wnt4 protein makes the outer skin layer thicker in burn wounds by turning on a specific healing pathway and loosening the connections between skin cells.
November 2023 in “npj regenerative medicine” Skin spheroids with both outer and inner layers are key for regrowing skin patterns and hair.
April 2018 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” The human skin's outer layer has more variety in cell types and development paths than previously thought.
July 2002 in “Dermatologic Surgery” Understanding the scalp's five-layer structure is crucial for better surgical outcomes and fewer complications.
September 2011 in “Clinical Biochemistry” Certain sugars increase in some layers of the hair follicle during the middle of the healing process in rats, which may help improve healing.
375 citations,
June 2013 in “Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular cell research” Cornification is how skin cells die to form the protective outer layer of skin, hair, and nails.
351 citations,
February 2010 in “Nature Cell Biology” Basal cell carcinoma mostly starts from cells in the upper skin layers, not hair follicle stem cells.
159 citations,
July 2014 in “Molecular pharmaceutics” New micelle nanocarriers deliver Tacrolimus more effectively to skin layers for psoriasis treatment than the current Protopic ointment.
129 citations,
May 2015 in “Cell Stem Cell” Different types of stem cells exist within individual skin layers, and they can adapt to damage, transplantation, or tumor growth. These cells are regulated by their environment and genetic factors. Tumor growth is driven by expanding, genetically altered cells, not long-lived mutant stem cells. There's evidence of cancer stem cells in skin tumors. Other cells, bacteria, and genetic factors help maintain balance and contribute to disease progression. A method for growing mini organs from single cells has been developed.
90 citations,
February 2013 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism” Women with PCOS have more body fat and thicker fat layers in certain abdominal areas than women without PCOS.
62 citations,
July 1993 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” Hair growth is influenced by interactions between skin layers, growth factors, and hormones, but the exact mechanisms are not fully understood.
57 citations,
January 2014 in “Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine” Skin stem cells maintain and repair the outer layer of skin, with some types being essential for healing wounds.
45 citations,
April 2009 in “Journal of anatomy” Cat claws stay sharp by shedding their outer layer through microcracks formed during activities.
36 citations,
February 2018 in “British Journal of Dermatology” Sweat glands and hair follicles are structurally connected within a specific layer of skin fat.
29 citations,
July 1993 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology” Hair follicle development involves complex interactions between skin layers and cells, but many details are still unknown.
21 citations,
March 2018 in “American Journal Of Pathology” Mutations in NIPAL4 cause skin issues by disrupting lipid layers, but some improvement is seen with topical treatment.