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This study found that type 2 immunity may play a role in the development of alopecia areata in patients with extrinsic atopic dermatitis, indicating different immunological states compared to non-atopic patients.

This study found that administering dupilumab to patients with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis over 12 weeks altered both fungal and bacterial skin microbiomes, increasing microbial diversity and decreasing colonization by Malassezia and Staphylococcus aureus at lesion sites.

In this study, researchers developed a mouse model of scarring alopecia and observed significant reductions in CD200R expression in affected skin, potentially linking this signaling pathway to immune attacks on hair follicles and suggesting new treatment targets for scarring hair loss.

In this case report, researchers documented a 71-year-old woman with both alopecia areata and bullous pemphigoid who showed significant improvement using dupilumab after other treatments failed, highlighting its potential for autoimmune diseases with overlapping inflammatory mechanisms.

This study identified a new role for IL-4Ra-induced oxidative metabolism in wound macrophages, essential for balancing inflammatory response and promoting pro-fibrotic repair, suggesting a target for fibrosis prevention.

Alopecia totalis/universalis involves more intense immune activity and inflammation than patchy alopecia areata.

This research discusses the complex immune pathogenesis of alopecia areata and highlights the success of Jak inhibitors and IL-4Rα antagonists, while IL-17A and PDE4 inhibitors showed limited efficacy; controlled trials are advocated to better understand cytokine involvement.

In this case report, a 7-year-old girl with severe alopecia areata and high baseline IgE levels achieved complete hair regrowth after 48 weeks of dupilumab therapy, with observed decreases in IgE levels and no significant adverse effects beyond a mild initial allergic reaction.

In this study on mice, researchers observed that dermal white adipose tissue (dWAT) plays a key role in regulating skin inflammation and tissue repair; however, reduced expression of certain cytokines in obese mice may hinder these processes, indicating potential metabolic disruptions in dWAT during inflammation.

This review examines existing research and clinical trials on the use of dupilumab for various skin, respiratory, and gastrointestinal disorders, but it reports no new clinical findings.

This study found that intracellular Toll-like receptors were significantly up-regulated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of alopecia areata patients, suggesting a potential role in inflammatory signaling and pathogenesis.

This review summarizes recent advances in Treg cell biology, focusing on Foxp3's role in immune regulation and therapeutic reprogramming for immune dysregulatory disorders, but reports no new clinical results.

This review discusses recent advances and ongoing clinical trials in novel therapeutics for alopecia areata, despite the lack of current FDA-approved treatments for severe cases, and reports no new results.

This study found that disrupting inflammasome signaling by eliminating caspase-1 and -11 in mice reduced skin inflammation and delayed the onset of disease, highlighting their role in skin disease pathogenesis.

This review discusses immune pathways involved in alopecia areata and explores emerging, more targeted therapeutic strategies, noting their potential for better safety and effectiveness compared to traditional immune suppressants.

This study discusses the epithelial-immune microenvironment in chronic skin diseases, such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, and highlights current and future treatment strategies targeting inflammatory loops within these diseases.

In this mini-review, recent insights suggest a possible role of type-2-related immunity in diseases like alopecia areata, vitiligo, and localized scleroderma, though whether this immune response benefits or worsens these conditions remains unclear.

This review discusses the potential of therapeutic antibodies as an alternative treatment for androgenetic alopecia, highlighting the initial development stages and the need for further validation and optimization of targets like the prolactin receptor and Interleukin-6 receptor.

This study found that type 2 immunity, especially involving ILC2 cells, helps maintain skin homeostasis by regulating the proliferation and community stability of hair follicle epithelial cells in the presence of Demodex mites.

This study found that control of Demodex mite colonization in mice required skin ILC2s and IL-13, highlighting their role in maintaining HF integrity and limiting mite overgrowth.

This study reported that dupilumab, an FDA-approved biologic, is a safe and effective first-line systemic treatment for children with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis, showing sustained skin improvement and itch reduction, with injection site reactions and conjunctivitis as potential side effects.

OR101 may effectively treat atopic dermatitis and similar skin conditions.

T cells affect skin cell genes in inflammatory diseases, and therapy can normalize these changes.

This study suggests that keratinocytes derived from hair follicles of patients with atopic dermatitis provide a useful model for investigating AD-related inflammation, as they showed greater expression changes of AD markers when stimulated with type 2 cytokines compared to those from healthy donors.

The researchers reported that a newly developed ionic liquid-based microemulsion significantly improved the local delivery of copper peptides in mice, enhancing hair growth-related factor activation while offering a safer, non-invasive alternative to existing treatments for hair loss.

Regulatory T cells help prevent autoimmunity and have potential for treating autoimmune diseases.

This study suggests that targeting specific immune pathways, such as IL-12/23 and Th2 cytokines, may offer new treatment options for alopecia areata, a T-cell-mediated disease without current mechanism-specific therapies.

This study found that mesenchymal stem cell treatment alleviated atopic dermatitis-like symptoms in a mouse model by modulating immune and inflammatory responses, with gene expression changes suggesting pathways for potential personalized treatment approaches.

This review discusses the complex role of immune disturbances and the JAK-STAT pathway in alopecia areata, noting the success of JAK inhibitors in treatment, while highlighting ongoing debates and challenges in targeting other pathways like IL-17 and TNF-α.

This research notes that biologics and small molecules are effective for treating nail psoriasis and alopecia areata, albeit with precautions for adverse events, but no clinical trials have been published for their use in treating nail lichen planus and atopic dermatitis.