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    Glossary Facial Feminization Surgery

    set of surgeries to make facial features appear more feminine

    Facial Feminization Surgery (FFS) is a set of reconstructive surgical procedures designed to alter typically male facial features to bring them closer in shape and size to typical female facial features. This can include procedures such as forehead contouring, rhinoplasty (nose reshaping), jaw and chin reshaping, and tracheal shave (reducing the Adam's apple). FFS is often sought by transgender women and non-binary individuals as part of their gender affirmation process.

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    1. Facial Feminization: Systematic Review of the Literature 2016 · 157 citations
    2. Facial feminization surgery: current state of the art International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery · 2012 · 134 citations
    3. Forehead reduction and orbital contouring in facial feminisation surgery for transgender females British Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery · 2018 · 17 citations
    4. Necessity of facial contouring in feminization surgery for Chinese transgender females Annals of Translational Medicine · 2021 · 9 citations
    5. Facial Feminization Surgery/Gender Confirming Facial Surgery: Background and State of the Art Facial Plastic Surgery & Aesthetic Medicine · 2022 · 5 citations
    6. Facial Feminization Surgery and Facial Gender Confirmation Surgery Elsevier eBooks · 2020 · 2 citations
    7. Estrogen hormone therapy stabilizes lateral hairline in transfeminine patients: Implications for facial feminization surgery Journal of Plastic Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery · 2024 · 1 citations
    8. CHAPTER 1 Facial Feminization Surgery: A Global Approach 2017
    9. Abstract: Facial Feminization Surgery: Effectiveness, Optimization of the Process and Complications Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery Global Open · 2016 · 1 citations
    10. Nonsurgical Management of Facial Masculinization and Feminization Aesthetic surgery journal · 2018 · 39 citations
    11. Evaluation and treatment of facial feminization surgery: part I. forehead, orbits, eyebrows, eyes, and nose Archives of Plastic Surgery · 2021 · 15 citations
    12. The Role of the Orthognathic Surgeon in Facial Feminization Surgery 2016
    13. A systematic review of antiandrogens and feminization in transgender women Clinical endocrinology · 2020 · 31 citations
    14. What Surgeons Need to Know About Gender Confirmation Surgery When Providing Care for Transgender Individuals JAMA Surgery · 2017 · 126 citations
    15. Facial determinants of female gender and feminizing forehead cranioplasty The Laryngoscope · 2010 · 131 citations
    16. Lip feminization: A review JPRAS Open · 2024
    17. Consecutive Cyproterone Acetate and Estradiol Treatment in Late-Pubertal Transgender Female Adolescents ˜The œjournal of sexual medicine · 2017 · 36 citations
    18. La clinoïdectomie antérieure extra-durale dans l'abord des méningiomes sus-tentoriels de la base du crâne. À propos d'une série de 142 cas 2007
    19. Priorities for efficacy trials of gender-affirming hormone therapy with estrogen: collaborative design and results of a community survey Hormones · 2024
    20. Contents The Annals of Thoracic Surgery · 2019
    21. Hairline Restoration: Difference in Men and Woman—Length and Shape Facial Plastic Surgery · 2018 · 8 citations
    22. Chirurgie des schwannomes vestibulaires solitaires 2007 · 1 citations
    23. Narrative review of facial gender surgery: approaches and techniques for the frontal sinus and upper third of the face Annals of Translational Medicine · 2021 · 15 citations
    24. Feminization Surgery of the Upper Face as the Crucial Factor in Gender Confirmation—Pearls and Pitfalls Medicina · 2024
    25. Understanding and Management of Female Pattern Alopecia Facial Plastic Surgery · 2008 · 30 citations
    26. Effects of Flutamide, a pure antiandrogen, on endocrine parameters, in the adult female rat Gynecological Endocrinology · 1987 · 8 citations
    27. Personalized character of transgender medicine as a barrier to development of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines on gender incongruence Medical Herald of the South of Russia · 2022
    28. Les hormones sexuelles et la peau : questionnaire à l'attention des vétérinaires praticiens. Mise à jour bibliographique et synthèse HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe) · 2014
    29. Techniques and Applications of Lower Extremity Feminization and Masculinization Transgender Health · 2022 · 3 citations
    30. Hair Restoration in the Gender-Affirming Patient 2025