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This study found that testosterone modulates vascular cell behavior through direct actions that do not rely on its conversion to estradiol.

This study found that penile and clitoral differentiation in mice is influenced by androgen exposure, with penile features developing postnatally requiring prenatal and ongoing androgen presence.

This review discusses the role of estrogens in hair follicle cycling and the skin, highlighting the need for more research on estrogen signaling pathways and their interactions with other factors in hair biology.

This study found that low doses of leuprolide effectively suppressed serum estradiol and LH response, while higher doses were needed to suppress testosterone and reduce hair growth in hirsute women.

In this study, women with hirsutism and amenorrhea showed lower serum estradiol and sex hormone binding globulin concentrations but higher levels of unbound testosterone compared to normal individuals.

This study found that using 3D dermal papilla spheroid models enhances extracellular matrix production and hair follicle marker expression, providing insights into hair follicle biology and potential for drug screening.

This study found that testosterone is converted to estrogenic steroids in vitro without aromatase involvement, suggesting that combining 5α-reductase and aromatase inhibitors might reduce estrogenic steroids more completely in vivo.

This study observed that in vitro treatment of male frontotemporal scalp hair follicles with 17-β-estradiol stimulated hair shaft generation and hair matrix keratinocyte proliferation, suggesting potential anagen-prolonging effects.

This article summarizes findings on the role of androgens and estrogens in male reproductive tissues across species, highlighting the roles of hormone metabolism, receptor distribution, and stress-induced changes.

This study found that estrogen can cause reversible suppression of the hair cycle by inducing premature catagen and maintaining the telogen phase without damaging the hair follicle stem cell niche or the signature gene expressions of dermal papilla cells.

This study reported that while finasteride and progesterone significantly inhibited dihydrotestosterone synthesis in dermal papillae, estrogens were less effective.

In this study, prolonged systemic administration of 17β-estradiol in castrated male mice delayed wound healing by inhibiting re-epithelialization and reducing collagen accumulation, with estrogen receptor-α likely mediating this effect.

This study found that oral estradiol was generally effective in achieving target 17-β estradiol levels in transgender women, but often failed to suppress testosterone adequately, with variability in individual responses.

This study found that compound 2g inhibits steroid sulfatase effectively without exhibiting estrogenic activity, making it a promising candidate for breast cancer treatment.

In this retrospective study, cyproterone acetate treatment in late-pubertal trans-girls was found to be generally safe and led to mild feminizing effects, with more rapid feminization occurring when combined with estrogens.

In this animal study, rats given high doses of ethynylestradiol showed dose-related estrogenic effects, delayed tumor onset in females, and no overall increase in tumor incidence compared to controls.

This study established a 3D in vitro culture system of canine keratinocyte organoids to study epidermal function and address skin disorders in dogs, though additional growth factors are needed for hair follicle development.

This report describes a case of meningioma in a transwoman treated long-term with estradiol and cyproterone acetate, suggesting possible concern over female sex steroids and meningioma risk.

This study found that in male rat hippocampal slices, DHT is necessary for low frequency stimulation-induced long-term depression, while E2 synthesis is essential for high frequency stimulation-induced long-term potentiation.

This study found that the effectiveness of 17-beta-estradiol in inhibiting hair growth depends on its application method, and noted significant sex differences in response to 17-alpha-estradiol in male and female mice.

This study found that early treatment with estradiol or dihydrotestosterone significantly reduced prostate adenocarcinoma development in Lobund-Wistar rats, while later treatments were ineffective.

This study developed a model using cardiovascular radiomics to estimate biological heart age, finding obesity and other health factors strongly correlated with accelerated heart aging.

This study found that estrogen affected cell behaviors differently in a scratch-wound assay, increasing VEGF secretion in follicular dermal papilla cells but decreasing it in wounded dermal sheath cells.

This study indicates that the normal human prostate is not a major contributor to circulating blood DHT concentrations in androgen-deficient patients receiving testosterone replacement therapy.

This study found no significant difference in estrogen and progesterone receptor expression between androgenic alopecia and alopecia areata, suggesting an indirect hormonal influence on androgenic alopecia.

This study demonstrates that locally synthesized estrogen and androgen neurosteroids play opposite roles in long-term synaptic changes in male rats' medial vestibular nucleus, with testosterone-dihydrotestosterone mediating long-term depression and 17β-estradiol mediating long-term potentiation.

This study concluded that exposing anestrous brood mares to a 16-hour photoperiod in early December led to endocrinologically normal estrous cycles starting within two months, enabling earlier breeding and foaling.

In this study, testosterone protected female embryonic heart cells from metabolic stress by being converted into metabolites that activate estrogen receptors and up-regulate certain mitochondrial channel proteins.

This study found no significant association between vitamin D intake or estimated vitamin D status and the risk of developing alopecia areata among women.

This study found that the activation of ER‑β increased keratinocyte proliferation and gene expression related to epidermal regeneration, enhancing wound healing in both cell models and rats.