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Glossary Alopecia Areata

autoimmune disorder causing patchy hair loss on scalp and body

Alopecia Areata (AA) is an autoimmune condition where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks hair follicles, leading to patchy hair loss on the scalp and other areas of the body. This condition can affect individuals of all ages and often results in round, smooth bald patches, though the extent and pattern of hair loss can vary widely.

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research PUVA treatment of alopecia areata partialis, totalis and universalis: audit of 10 years' experience at St John's Institute of Dermatology

105 citations , December 1995 in “British journal of dermatology/British journal of dermatology, Supplement”

This retrospective study concluded that PUVA treatment is generally ineffective for alopecia areata, with low effective success rates for partialis, totalis, and universalis types.

research Possible involvement of partial biotinidase deficiency in alopecia areata

6 citations , September 1996 in “Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology”

This study found that biotin supplementation improved biotinidase activity and led to clinical remission in some patients with alopecia areata.

research Possible involvement of partial biotinidase deficiency in alopecia areata

1 citations , September 1996 in “Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology”

In this study, biotin supplementation improved biotinidase activity and led to clinical remission in some patients with alopecia areata.

research 84 Partial restoration of scalp microbiota in alopecia areata with JAK inhibitors

November 2023 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

In this study, patients with alopecia areata displayed altered scalp microbiota compared to healthy controls, and treatment with JAK kinase inhibitors largely restored these microbial changes, providing insights into the potential role of the skin microbiome in alopecia areata.

research Partial Response of Severe Alopecia areata to Cyclosporine A

30 citations , January 1999 in “Dermatology”

This study found that cyclosporine A may lead to partial hair regrowth in 50% of patients with severe alopecia areata who do not respond to standard treatments.

research Adjunctive Dupilumab Therapy in a Partial Responder to Baricitinib for Alopecia Areata

July 2025 in “SKIN The Journal of Cutaneous Medicine”

In this study, a patient with severe alopecia areata showed significant hair regrowth after 15 months of partial response to baricitinib and oral minoxidil, following the addition of dupilumab to their treatment regimen.

research Phenotypic Analysis of T-Cells in Extensive Alopecia Areata Scalp Suggests Partial Tolerance

21 citations , December 2005 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study demonstrates that T-cell responses in extensive alopecia areata scalp may be aberrantly regulated, with reduced cytokine production but activated phenotype, providing insight into the disease's immune mechanisms.

research 308-nm excimer laser therapy in alopecia areata

85 citations , November 2004 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology”

The 308-nm excimer laser helps hair regrowth in some alopecia areata cases but not all.

research Enhancing alopecia areata management: Nanocrystal-driven strategy for targeting hair follicles

3 citations , April 2025 in “International Journal of Pharmaceutics”

Nanocrystals improve alopecia areata treatment by better targeting hair follicles.

research RETRACTED: Serum lipids may causally affect the occurrence of alopecia areata: A Mendelian randomization study

3 citations , June 2024 in “Skin Research and Technology”

Higher LDL lipids may increase alopecia areata risk, while higher triglycerides may decrease it.

research Superficial Cryotherapy, Does It Work In Alopecia Areata?

April 2021 in “Sohag Medical Journal”

This research suggests that superficial cryotherapy is a safe and nearly as effective alternative to topical steroids and PUVA therapy for treating alopecia areata, especially in children.

research Partial Reversal of Canities in a 22-Year-Old Normal Chinese Male

15 citations , June 1993 in “Archives of Dermatology”

This letter discusses the causes of gray hair, noting both genetic factors and potential associations with other conditions or certain medications, but reports no new findings.

research Prenatal diagnosis of a foetus with partial monosomy 4p and partial trisomy 13q

August 2017 in “Journal of biotechnology”

This review found that topical corticosteroids hold the highest level of evidence as a first-line treatment for pediatric alopecia areata, but further trials are needed to explore additional therapies.

Topical Immunotherapy With Diphenylcyclopropenone in Different Types of Alopecia Areata: Association With Clinical Parameters and a Functional Gene Polymorphism of the Interleukin-6 Promoter

research Topische Immuntherapie mit Diphenylcyclopropenon bei verschiedenen Typen der Alpecia areata: Assoziation zu klinischen Parametern und einem funktionellen Genpolymorphismus des Interleukin-6-Promotors

January 2005 in “Elektronische Hochschulschriften der LMU München (Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München)”

This study found that a significant portion of alopecia areata patients achieved at least partial hair regrowth with diphenylcyclopropenon therapy, which was more effective in certain subtypes and disease durations.

research Immunoregulatory Effects of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell Exosomes in Mouse Model of Autoimmune Alopecia Areata

45 citations , June 2018 in “Frontiers in immunology”

This study found that MDSC exosomes promoted partial hair regrowth and modulated immune responses in mice with alopecia areata, suggesting potential as a treatment for autoimmune diseases.

research Phase I/II randomized bilateral half-head comparison of topical bexarotene 1% gel for alopecia areata

44 citations , October 2009 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology”

This study reported that 1% bexarotene gel was well tolerated and possibly effective for inducing partial hair regrowth in alopecia areata, but more rigorous trials are needed to confirm its efficacy.

research Simvastatin/Ezetimibe Therapy for Recalcitrant Alopecia Areata: An Open Prospective Study of 14 Patients

13 citations , January 2017 in “Annals of dermatology/Annals of Dermatology”

In this study, simvastatin/ezetimibe treatment led to partial hair regrowth in about 29% of patients with recalcitrant alopecia areata, suggesting it may be a viable alternative therapy for this condition.

research A clinical case of familial alopecia areata in combination with immune pathology

July 2025 in “Russian Journal of Clinical Dermatology and Venereology”

In this case report, researchers observed that two sisters with congenital immune disorders experienced partial hair regrowth while receiving tofacitinib for severe alopecia areata, highlighting the need for careful clinical and laboratory monitoring due to potential infection risks associated with JAK inhibitor therapy.

research Bilateral Half-Head Comparison of 1% Anthralin Ointment in Children with Alopecia Areata

24 citations , January 2017 in “Pediatric dermatology”

This study found that 1% anthralin ointment effectively promoted hair growth in children with chronic, severe alopecia areata, showing complete or partial responses in 70% of participants over 12 months, without serious adverse events.

research Chronological clinicopathological characterization of rapidly progressive alopecia areata resistant to multiple i.v. corticosteroid pulse therapies: An implication for improving the efficacy

8 citations , July 2018 in “The Journal of Dermatology”

In this retrospective study, researchers observed that additional rounds of intravenous corticosteroid pulse therapy led to only partial hair regrowth in some rapidly progressive alopecia areata cases, with all participants experiencing relapse, indicating limited efficacy for severe cases resistant to initial treatment.

$Real-World Experience and Long-Term Evaluation of Tofacitinib in Refractory Alopecia Areata: A Prospective, Open-Label, Single-Center Study in Asian Arab Population$

research Real‐world experience and long‐term evaluation of tofacitinib in refractory alopecia areata: A prospective, open‐label, single‐center study in Asian Arab population

2 citations , September 2022 in “Dermatologic Therapy”

In this study, tofacitinib showed a mixed response in treating refractory alopecia areata, with some patients experiencing complete or partial hair regrowth and others showing no response, particularly those with alopecia universalis.

research A new era for alopecia areata: New treatments and improved knowledge of the condition

1 citations , February 2024 in “JEADV. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology/Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology”

In this research, the authors reported that long-term treatment with the JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor baricitinib effectively maintains hair regrowth in patients with severe alopecia areata and may gradually improve outcomes for partial responders over 104 weeks, without increasing side effect incidence.

research Successful treatment of coexisting alopecia areata and hidradenitis suppurativa with upadacitinib

August 2026 in “Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia”

In this case report, a 24-year-old woman with Down syndrome effectively managed coexisting alopecia areata and hidradenitis suppurativa using upadacitinib, following partial success with previous treatments.

Resident T Cell Activation Leads to Human Hair Follicle Immune Privilege Loss Ex Vivo, Which Is Prevented by the DHODH Inhibitor Farudodstat: Relevance for Alopecia Areata

research Resident T cell activation leads to human hair follicle immune privilege loss ex vivo, which is prevented by the DHODH inhibitor farudodstat: relevance for alopecia areata

April 2026 in “Frontiers in Medicine”

This study found that activating hair follicle resident T cells in a human organ culture can induce an alopecia areata-like immune response, and that the drug farudodstat partially reduced this effect.

Resident T Cell Activation Leads to Human Hair Follicle Immune Privilege Loss Ex Vivo, Prevented by DHODH Inhibitor Farudodstat: Relevance for Alopecia Areata

research Image 1_Resident T cell activation leads to human hair follicle immune privilege loss ex vivo, which is prevented by the DHODH inhibitor farudodstat: relevance for alopecia areata.pdf

April 2026 in “Figshare”

In this study, the researchers used a human hair follicle model to demonstrate that T cell stimulation can induce an alopecia areata–like phenotype, with cell proliferation and immune privilege collapse; however, the DHODH inhibitor farudodstat partially mitigated these effects by reducing T cell proliferation.

research Baricitinib Provides Holistic Improvement in Scalp, Eyebrow and Eyelash Regrowth in Adolescents With Severe Alopecia Areata

November 2025 in “SKIN The Journal of Cutaneous Medicine”

In this study on adolescents with severe alopecia areata, baricitinib treatment showed effective scalp, eyebrow, and eyelash regrowth after 52 weeks, benefiting both responders and partial or non-responders, potentially reducing the psychosocial impact of the disease.

research Baricitinib Effectiveness in JAKi‐Naïve and Tofacitinib‐Exposed Patients: A Prospective Study in Alopecia Areata

January 2025 in “Dermatologic Therapy”

This study found that baricitinib significantly reduced alopecia severity in JAK inhibitor-naïve patients compared to those previously treated with tofacitinib, indicating that switching JAK inhibitors can be safe and may be beneficial for selected patients with partial prior responses.

research Successful treatment of alopecia areata‐associated trachyonychia with baricitinib

March 2024 in “International Journal of Dermatology”

In this case report, a 40-year-old male with alopecia universalis and twenty-nail dystrophy showed significant nail improvement and partial hair regrowth after six months of baricitinib treatment, improving his quality of life.

research Cutaneous Drug Delivery: An Update

25 citations , December 2013 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings”

This review discusses recent advancements in cutaneous drug delivery technologies and the potential of transfollicular pathways for improved treatment of skin conditions, but reports no clinical results.

research 345. Dermatological Manifestations in Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia in Veracruz, Mexico

November 2021 in “Open Forum Infectious Diseases”

This study found that dermatological manifestations in COVID-19 patients with severe pneumonia were relatively rare, with the most frequent being the morbilliform viral exanthema and some cases of reversible androgenetic alopecia linked to disease severity.