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GlossaryPeptidylarginine Deiminase

enzyme converting arginine in proteins to citrulline

Peptidylarginine Deiminase (PAD) is an enzyme that converts arginine residues in proteins into citrulline through a process called deimination or citrullination. This modification can affect protein function and is involved in various physiological processes, including the regulation of gene expression and the formation of hair. Dysregulation of PAD activity has been linked to autoimmune diseases and conditions like alopecia.

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research Human Peptidylarginine Deiminase Type III: Molecular Cloning and Nucleotide Sequence of the cDNA, Properties of the Recombinant Enzyme, and Immunohistochemical Localization in Human Skin

124 citations, November 2000 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

PAD3 plays a key role in hair and skin protein structure and may be linked to skin diseases.

research Variant PADI3 in Central Centrifugal Cicatricial Alopecia

95 citations, February 2019 in “The New England Journal of Medicine”

Mutations in the PADI3 gene are linked to a higher risk of scarring hair loss in women of African descent.

research Distinct Transcriptional Profiles of the Female, Male, and Finasteride-Induced Feminized Male Anogenital Region in Rat Fetuses

10 citations, February 2019 in “Toxicological Sciences”

Finasteride exposure affects gene expression and anogenital distance in male rat fetuses.

research DNA Microarray and Bioinformatic Analysis Reveals the Potential of Whale Oil in Enhancing Hair Growth in a C57BL/6 Mice Dorsal Skin Model

May 2024 in “Genes”

Whale oil significantly promotes hair growth and may be a safe, effective alternative to minoxidil.

research Mutations in Three Genes Encoding Proteins Involved in Hair Shaft Formation Cause Uncombable Hair Syndrome

119 citations, November 2016 in “American journal of human genetics”

Mutations in three genes cause Uncombable Hair Syndrome, leading to frizzy hair that can't be combed flat.

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