Spatiotemporal Immunomodulation by Engineered Hair Follicle Stem Cell-Derived Nanovesicles Enables Scarless Regeneration of Infected Wounds

The study introduces a novel system using engineered hair follicle stem cell-derived nanovesicles (fM-HFNVs@CG) to achieve scarless regeneration of infected wounds through precise spatiotemporal immunomodulation. This system addresses the challenge of coordinating antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and regenerative processes by integrating three modules: fMLP for neutrophil recruitment and pathogen elimination, CGRP for controlled inflammation regulation, and CD80 for Treg differentiation to maintain immune balance. The approach enhances M2 macrophage polarization and fibroblast bioenergetics, leading to improved collagen alignment and increased hair follicle density. This innovative strategy effectively resolves the conflict between infection control and tissue repair, offering significant potential for improving therapeutic outcomes in infected wound healing.