January 2026 in “Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry” This study developed a metal-free method for synthesizing sulfinimidate esters, showcasing their potential as versatile intermediates for enantioselective bond formation under mild conditions.
109 citations
,
January 1980 in “Science of the total environment” This paper reviews chemical analysis methods for trace elements in human hair and supports a no-wash policy due to challenges in distinguishing between endogenous and exogenous element sources.
This study evaluated the therapeutic response of an Afro-descendant patient with non-scarring alopecia after prolonged use of alkaline straighteners and mechanical traction, highlighting the susceptibility of Afro hair to chemical and mechanical damage due to its structure.
2 citations
,
November 2023 in “Journal of Natural Products” In this study, researchers accomplished the total synthesis of calanthoside, noted for its strong proliferative effects on human hair follicle dermal papilla cells, using a seven-step process from anthranilic acid with a 43% overall yield.
25 citations
,
May 2019 in “Heliyon” This study found that excessive heat caused the most significant structural changes in hair from Caucasian and Afro samples, especially when combined with other treatments like bleaching and straightening.
52 citations
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February 2005 in “Biopolymers” In this study, chemical treatments during permanent hair straightening were found to randomize proteins in the cortex, aiding in the reconnection of disulfide bonds during oxidation.
1 citations
,
January 2025 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science” In this study, researchers identified a three-step process underlying age-related curved hair from cyclical extension: surface lipid transfer, specific disulfide bond cleavage, and unraveling of α-helices into β-structures, which may inform care strategies to manage hair curvature.
29 citations
,
August 2005 in “Biopolymers” In this study, researchers found that L-cysteine interacted electrostatically with anionic ions on the surface of keratin fibers in human hair, reducing the rate of disulfide bond disconnection at pH 9.0.
11 citations
,
September 1996 in “Journal of applied polymer science” In this study, treatment with aqueous KCN selectively converted disulfide bonds to monosulfide crosslinks in hair, leading to changes in microstructural properties and rubberlike elasticity under specific laboratory conditions.
13 citations
,
May 2016 in “International journal of biological macromolecules” This study demonstrated that molecular dynamics simulations of keratin could effectively model the mechanical properties of hair, aligning well with experimental data, especially when conducted in vacuum conditions.
4 citations
,
January 2015 in “Sen'i Gakkaishi” This study proposed a network model for the cross-linked structure of keratin-associated proteins in hair and wool fibers, suggesting notable differences between the two, potentially affecting hair fiber elasticity.
1 citations
,
January 2019 in “Studia Biologica” This review discusses the properties and extraction methods of keratins from natural fibers and highlights their promising applications in fields such as biomedicine, bioengineering, and forensic science, but reports no new experimental results.
January 2014 in “Sen i Gakkaishi” In this study, liposome-encapsulated thioglycolic acid improved hair perming by enhancing the penetration of perm solutions, resulting in a stronger S-shaped wave and higher cysteine content compared to the control.
January 2026 in “Colloids and Surfaces B Biointerfaces” This study found that treating damaged hair with maleic-modified amino silicone oil created a highly hydrophobic surface, reducing water content and improving hair's mechanical properties and thermal stability.
14 citations
,
September 2016 in “Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B Biology” This study observed that mercury-lamp irradiation may cause cleavage of disulfide bonds in keratins of white hair, leading to the formation of thiols in laboratory settings.
4 citations
,
January 1981 in “PubMed” This study found that medullary cell content in mammal hair evolves from an amorphous form to a biphasic phase, with human and anthropoid hair containing both macrofibrils and microfibrils.
May 2024 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science” This review highlights that hair's chemical bonds, particularly disulfide bonds, are not homogeneous, as previously thought, but instead vary in response to different cosmetic treatments, suggesting a need for further exploration of ionic bonds and hydrophobic interactions.
16 citations
,
October 2003 in “Journal of applied polymer science” This study found that chemically modifying hair with 2-iminothiorane hydrochloride improved the permanence of hair setting without damaging the hair by increasing disulfide bonds.
16 citations
,
January 2017 in “Physical chemistry chemical physics/PCCP. Physical chemistry chemical physics” This study presents computational modeling and experimental analysis of the HGT protein KAP8.1, identifying key structural features that may influence hair's response to environmental conditions.
3 citations
,
May 2024 in “Amino Acids” This review identifies cysteine's central role in hair growth and its potential impact on Alopecia Areata's pathogenesis, suggesting examination of cysteine metabolism might clarify the disease's underlying mechanisms and lead to new treatments.
19 citations
,
January 2009 in “International review of cell and molecular biology” This review explains the mechanical composition and molecular interactions that determine hair's mechanical properties, without providing any new experimental findings.
7 citations
,
January 1981 in “Springer eBooks” This model study describes how interactions between hair keratin and various materials alter hair's physical and mechanical properties by affecting noncovalent bonds.
January 2008 in “대한미용학회지” This study reports that prolonged UV irradiation causes progressive damage to the hair's keratin structure, leading to increased surface roughness, cuticle destruction, and decreased tensile strength in young women’s hair.
2 citations
,
November 2024 in “International Journal of Pharmaceutics X” In this study, desmopressin-loaded elastic liposomes (ODEL1) showed improved permeation and drug deposition across rat skin by altering the skin's cohesive energies and causing reversible changes on its surface.
This chapter explores the causes and management of hair damage, highlighting effective repair strategies such as protein and lipid replenishment with keratin peptides and citric acid, and identifies social media's role in consumer preferences for protective and conditioning products.
45 citations
,
December 2006 in “Biopolymers” This study found that permanent waving treatment induces structural changes in the cortex proteins of white human hair, significantly reducing its tensile strength without altering the S-S band intensity.
January 2024 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science” This study found that 1,4-n-butylene dimaleate can restore the mechanical properties of reduced hair by reconnecting disulfide bonds and improving the hair's structural integrity using a thiol-Michael click reaction, compared to untreated reduced hair.
January 2026 in “Molecules” In this study, the novel thiol-Michael click perming molecule, MA2-CySS, achieved repeatable perming with reduced oxidative damage, preserving hair keratin's structure while maintaining efficiency comparable to traditional oxidative methods.
51 citations
,
September 2012 in “Biomacromolecules” This study found that disulfide bonds in keratin increase its strength and toughness, with some loss of α-helical structure under load, highlighting their role in trichocyte α-keratin's mechanical properties.
13 citations
,
March 2010 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science” This study used nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry to locate where calcium and copper are concentrated in colored hair, finding these metals particularly in the cuticle's sulfur-rich regions.