This review re-examines hair blowouts as a material science process, where water acts as a plasticizer altering keratin's glass-transition temperature, allowing for temporary hair shaping through a moisture-induced matrix state change under heat and tension.
December 2023 in “The journal of physical chemistry. B (1997 : Online)” This study explored the potential of human hair keratin as a filtration material, finding that it may effectively absorb the pollutants diclofenac and perfluorobutanesulfonate. The researchers reported significant binding affinities through molecular simulations, supporting further investigation into keratin's use for water purification.
May 2013 in “International journal of innovative research and development” This article discusses a hypothetical model of androgenic hair trichophore composed of various chemical components, but it reports no new empirical findings; the authors emphasize the model's potential impact on hair cosmetics.
1 citations
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January 2009 in “Journal of S C C J” This study investigated the effect of peracetic acid treatment on hair fiber structure and found that disulfide bond oxidation altered thermal properties while preserving the α-crystal structure, suggesting different stabilizing interactions in hair fibers.
37 citations
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October 2015 in “PeerJ” This study found that shampoo and conditioner do not alter hair's molecular structure, while perming treatments significantly affect keratin and intermediate filament structures due to bond alterations.
11 citations
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April 2022 in “Biophysical Journal” In this study, certain cysteine residues in Romney sheep wool fibers were labeled more often during stretching tests, particularly under wet conditions, suggesting variability in their disulfide bond contributions to fiber mechanics depending on hydration.
72 citations
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September 1975 in “Biology of Reproduction” This study found that zinc is primarily located in the tails of mature rat sperm, associated with -S-S-bonded structures, and suggests a possible similarity in zinc interactions between sperm keratin and hair proteins.
6 citations
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August 2014 in “Spectroscopy Letters” This study reported that the calculated and experimental electronic and vibrational properties of minoxidil were in good agreement, providing detailed insights into its molecular structure and thermal behaviors.
June 2024 in “ChemBioChem” This study's simulations suggest that replenishing free 18‐MEA could restore damaged hair surface properties, highlighting the importance of optimal fatty acid spacing for maintaining hair integrity.
This study mapped potential targets and pathways for baicalin's action in androgenic alopecia, suggesting it may inhibit 5α-reductase and serve as an effective treatment ingredient.
October 2015 in “Cosmetic Dermatology” This review examines the science and technology behind temporary and permanent hair straightening, discussing the processes, potential advancements, and considerations for reducing adverse effects, but does not report new research findings.
2 citations
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September 1996 in “Journal of Applied Polymer Science” This study found that treating hair with aqueous KCN converts disulfide bonds to monosulfide crosslinks, affecting the elasticity and crosslink distribution in hair microstructures.
February 2025 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science” This research studied European human hair, finding that cysteic acid and protein carbonylation increased with both chemical and photochemical oxidation. Protein carbonylation was highlighted as a more sensitive marker for photochemical oxidation, providing better in situ visualization of hair damage than cysteic acid.
11 citations
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April 2021 in “Advanced synthesis & catalysis” This study reports that the dye peri-xanthenoxanthene (PXX) can act as an efficient photocatalyst for various radical reactions, including complex dual catalytic processes and the synthesis of an investigational drug intermediate.
March 2026 in “Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials/Journal of mechanical behavior of biomedical materials” This study investigated the mechanical response of the human hair cuticle to strain and found that cuticular deformation directly corresponded with fiber elongation, revealing significant molecular-level changes in disulfide crosslinks but maintained structural stability, highlighting the role of the cuticle in stress resistance.
3 citations
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September 2021 in “Data in brief” This study observed that bleaching brown human hair with persulfate salts and hydrogen peroxide induced significant conformational changes in keratin, particularly affecting disulfide bridges and oxidized sulfur species, which may inform the development of hair restorative treatments.
Hair coloring and bleaching can permanently break down hair protein and temporarily change its properties.
70 citations
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June 1998 in “Polymer” This study found that permanent waving treatment partially disrupts the α-helical structure in human hair microfibrils, primarily during the initial reduction phase, rather than just affecting disulphide bonds.
17 citations
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January 1999 in “Journal of Molecular Structure” This study determined the molecular structure of finasteride and its related crystalline forms, highlighting different hydrogen-bond interactions and structural configurations in various crystalline complexes.
10 citations
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January 2012 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science” This study found that thioglycolic acid molecules in hair treatments are primarily located in intrafibrillar unordered areas, where they redistribute disulfide bonds.
3 citations
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January 2004 in “Sen i Gakkaishi” This study found that adding dithiodiglycolic acid to the hair straightening process decreased chemical damage and preserved the structural integrity of the hair matrix compared to using thioglycolic acid alone.
20 citations
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December 2012 in “Journal of molecular structure” This study found that at pH 9.0, CYS penetrated less and caused less damage to virgin human hair than TG because it barely reached the cortex region.
27 citations
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July 2008 in “The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology” The new compounds may be more effective and cheaper than current treatments for conditions like baldness.
8 citations
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February 1968 in “Australian Journal of Zoology” This study describes the structure and composition of the epidermal horny layer in elephant seals, noting that its keratinized cells are attached without a specialized fission zone, differing from the sloughing mechanism in reptiles.
3 citations
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July 2017 in “Journal of Molecular Graphics & Modelling” This study analyzed the geometric and electronic properties of baicalin conformers, finding that BCLa2TT and BCLa1TT conformers exhibit high stability in aqueous solutions and are favorable for interactions with positively charged species.
1 citations
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April 2025 in “Journal of Applied Polymer Science” This study found that microneedles based on polyphosphazene with green tea polyphenols significantly enhanced wound healing in a diabetic rat model.
18 citations
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January 2008 in “Sen'i Gakkaishi” This study observed that repeated perm treatments decrease disulfide bonds in hair due to their conversion largely into cysteic acid, affecting the waving efficiency depending on the reduction agent used.
December 2025 in “The American Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Research” This study outlines how combined ultrasonic and infrared hair treatments may enhance hair restoration and performance by breaking down keratin disulfide bonds for better treatment access and sealing cuticle scales to preserve improvements, with potential applications in salon and home settings.
9 citations
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April 2019 in “Journal of structural biology” This study found that coconut oil impedes hair hydration more effectively than soybean oil by penetrating deeper, and suggested a new model for intermediate filament assembly in hair.
8 citations
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May 2017 in “IUBMB life” This review discusses the role of astrotactins in development and their genetic mutations' links to a variety of human diseases, but reports no new clinical results.