65 citations
,
May 2006 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” This study found that dexamethasone significantly reduced ERα mRNA levels and increased aromatase mRNA and activity in cultured human hair follicle dermal papilla cells, suggesting a glucocorticoid-dependent mechanism for estradiol action.
3 citations
,
January 2018 in “Reproduction, Fertility and Development” This study concluded that cyproterone acetate alone produced antiandrogenic effects on the female gerbil prostate, while ethinyloestradiol alone stimulated estrogenic activity, and their combination led to prostatic lesions.
April 2026 in “microPublication” In this study, researchers explored whether minoxidil, a common treatment for androgenetic alopecia, may have estrogenic activity and found preliminary evidence suggesting it could act as a partial agonist of Estrogen Receptor α (ERα).
October 2025 in “Frontiers in Toxicology” This study found that a human relevant potency threshold for estrogen receptor alpha agonism may serve as a health-protective screening tool, and highlights inference performance as essential for scientific confidence frameworks.
March 2026 in “Scientific Reports” This study found that Cnidium officinale extract and its compound ferulic acid improved hair growth by promoting dermal papilla cell function and mitochondrial activity, suggesting their potential as a new treatment option for alopecia, possibly through estrogen receptor alpha activation.
July 2025 in “Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology” This study found that early postnatal androgen activity affects the long-term expression of hormone receptors differently in female Wistar rats, influencing neural system programming during development.
This study found that a complex extract of Polygonatum sibiricum and Nelumbinis semen improved menopause symptoms in an ovariectomized rat model by enhancing blood lipid metabolism and reducing osteoporosis, without increasing risks of side effects like endometriosis, unlike conventional hormone-replacement therapy.
18 citations
,
February 2012 in “Experimental Dermatology” This study found no significant association between selected gene variants and female pattern hair loss, suggesting these genes might not be involved in its development.
92 citations
,
February 2005 in “Endocrinology” This study found that estrogen receptor beta plays a significant role in murine hair growth control, potentially acting as a silencer of estrogen receptor alpha's catagen-promoting effects.
23 citations
,
September 2015 in “International Journal of Molecular Medicine” This study found that the activation of ER‑β increased keratinocyte proliferation and gene expression related to epidermal regeneration, enhancing wound healing in both cell models and rats.
In this study, researchers observed that estrogen and its receptors play a crucial role in hair growth and control, with notable sex-dependent differences in human scalp hair follicles.
154 citations
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October 1996 in “Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America” This study found that 17-beta-estradiol inhibits hair growth in mice by blocking hair follicles in the telogen phase, whereas an estrogen receptor antagonist promotes hair growth by initiating anagen.
71 citations
,
February 2000 in “Endocrinology and metabolism/American journal of physiology: endocrinology and metabolism” This study found that topical estradiol inhibits hair growth in mice by preventing the hair follicle's transition from resting to growth phase, a process reversible with an estrogen receptor antagonist.
38 citations
,
May 2010 in “American Journal Of Pathology” In this study, prolonged systemic administration of 17β-estradiol in castrated male mice delayed wound healing by inhibiting re-epithelialization and reducing collagen accumulation, with estrogen receptor-α likely mediating this effect.
59 citations
,
January 2005 in “Endocrine Journal” This study found that sex steroid hormone receptors are largely maintained during the transformation of skin appendages to neoplasms, except for androgen and estrogen receptors in sweat and sebaceous gland tumors.
149 citations
,
January 2011 in “Nature reviews. Urology” Hormonal interactions, especially involving DHT and estrogen, play a key role in BPH development and treatment.
29 citations
,
October 2020 in “Environmental health perspectives” This study found that several preservatives, including triclocarban and triclosan, showed potential endocrine-disrupting effects on various nuclear receptors in both in silico and in vitro models.
147 citations
,
April 2004 in “PubMed” This study identifies specific localization patterns of androgen, estrogen, and progesterone receptors in human skin, which could be crucial for understanding their roles in skin biology and pathology.
19 citations
,
March 1998 in “Endocrinology” This study found that sex differences in somatostatin biosynthesis in rat hypothalamic neurons develop between postnatal day 1 and 5, influenced by the conversion of testosterone to estrogen.
13 citations
,
August 2016 in “Reproduction” In this study, nandrolone decanoate treatment in rats caused persistent diestrus and altered steroid receptor expression and sex hormones, especially at higher doses, with partial reversibility at lower doses over time.
December 2015 in “OPAL (Open@LaTrobe) (La Trobe University)” This study found that estrogen treatment induced premature catagen and apoptosis in hair follicles of wild-type mice, while having no effect on mice lacking estrogen receptor α.
March 2010 in “Ejc Supplements” This article discusses the paradoxical effects of valproic acid on hair, reporting both drug-induced hair loss and the potential for hair growth when used topically, but presents no original research findings.
130 citations
,
June 2003 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings” This study found that estrogen receptor beta, not alpha, is the main mediator of estrogen action in human skin and hair follicles, suggesting a distinct role in these tissues.
2 citations
,
June 2006 in “Journal of Clinical Pathology” This study found that the expression of certain biomarkers, including HER-2 and oestrogen receptor alpha, in breast skin may be influenced by the presence of breast cancer, suggesting a systemic effect.
109 citations
,
October 2007 in “Journal of pineal research” This study suggests that melatonin plays a role in hair follicle function by modulating growth and pigmentation, and it may act as a protective agent in active hair growth phases.
21 citations
,
February 2021 in “Frontiers in Endocrinology” This review explores the potential impact of hormonal changes during aging on benign prostate hyperplasia-related urinary symptoms and metabolic syndrome, highlighting the hypothesis of a male PCOS-equivalent but reports no new clinical results.
3 citations
,
July 2013 in “Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry” This study found that topically applied Chinese black tea extract, when fermented and combined with capsaicin, significantly promoted hair growth in mice, potentially involving estrogen receptor interactions.
July 2025 in “Reproductive Biology” This research reports that paternal finasteride treatment in male rats may negatively impact liver function in their male offspring, as observed through altered expression patterns of ERα and PCNA in liver tissue across different developmental stages.
February 2023 in “Research Square (Research Square)” This study found that testosterone contributed to increased arterial stiffness and cardiovascular damage in female mice, linked with decreased estrogen receptor expression, and suggests implications for women with polycystic ovarian syndrome or those taking testosterone.
21 citations
,
February 2017 in “International Journal of Women's Dermatology” This review discusses the physiology and potential hormonal mechanisms involved in female pattern hair loss, as well as the current hormonal and hormone-modifying treatments available, but reports no new research findings.