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    Glossary Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis

    regulates stress response through hormone release from brain and adrenal glands

    The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis is a complex network involving the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal glands, which work together to regulate the body's response to stress. When you encounter stress, the hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), prompting the pituitary gland to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which in turn stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol, a key stress hormone. This system plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and can impact various bodily functions, including immune response and metabolism.

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    1. Hair loss and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis activity in captive rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). PubMed · 2014 · 28 citations
    2. Chronic Stress Suppresses the Expression of Cutaneous Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenocortical Axis Elements and Melanogenesis PLoS ONE · 2014 · 40 citations
    3. Sex differences in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis’ response to stress: an important role for gonadal hormones Neuropsychopharmacology · 2019 · 197 citations
    4. Involvement of the central hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in hair growth and melanogenesis among different mouse strains PLoS ONE · 2018 · 6 citations
    5. Alopecia areata – hyperactivity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis is a myth? Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · 2017 · 5 citations
    6. ANALÝZA KORTIZOLU VO VLASOCH – BIOMARKER AKTIVÁCIE HPA OSI 2018
    7. Localized alopecia and suppression of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in dogs following treatment with difluprednate 0.05% ophthalmic emulsion (Durezol®) BMC veterinary research · 2021 · 2 citations
    8. Gonadal Sex Steroids: Production, Action and Interactions in Mammals InTech eBooks · 2012 · 2 citations
    9. IMPACT OF MERCURY ON SEX HORMONES (LITERATURE REVIEW) Bulletin of Osh State University · 2024 · 1 citations
    10. Hair Cortisol: A Biomarker of Chronic Stress in Animals and its Association with Reproduction Animal Reproduction Update · 2023
    11. Endocrinopathies and Other Disorders Inducing a Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Phenotype S. Karger AG eBooks · 2012 · 7 citations
    12. Extraction and Analysis of Cortisol from Human and Monkey Hair Journal of Visualized Experiments · 2014 · 189 citations
    13. An implication for post-transcriptional control: Reciprocal changes of melanocortin receptor type 2 mRNA and protein expression in alopecia areata Medical Hypotheses · 2010 · 7 citations
    14. Local Injection of Triamcinolone Acetonide: A Forgotten Aetiology of Cushing’s Syndrome Journal of clinical and diagnostic research · 2017 · 3 citations
    15. Endocrine systems of the skin Postepy Dermatologii I Alergologii · 2019 · 9 citations
    16. Determining Cortisol in Animal Hair as a Marker of Chronic Stress Biology Bulletin Reviews · 2025
    17. Hair follicle is a target of stress hormone and autoimmune reactions Journal of Dermatological Science · 2010 · 61 citations
    18. Cortisol determination in hair and faeces from domestic cats and dogs General and Comparative Endocrinology · 2007 · 199 citations
    19. Prevention of Male Late-Onset Hypogonadism by Natural Polyphenolic Antioxidants Nutrients · 2024 · 12 citations
    20. The effect of hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-target gland axes in a kidney-yang deficiency syndrome model World Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine · 2020 · 11 citations
    21. Insight into the pathogensis of polycystic ovarian syndrome Journal of genetic medicine · 2020
    22. The use of hair cortisol for the assessment of stress in animals General and Comparative Endocrinology · 2018 · 296 citations
    23. Influence of sex and functional status on the value of serum steroid profiling in discriminating adrenocortical carcinoma from adrenocortical adenoma Frontiers in Endocrinology · 2024 · 4 citations
    24. Hyperadrenocorticism in Ferrets 2013 · 6 citations
    25. The eye and the skin in endocrine metabolic diseases Clinics in Dermatology · 2015 · 10 citations
    26. Organizational Effects of Estrogens and Androgens on Estrogen and Androgen Receptor Expression in Pituitary and Adrenal Glands in Adult Male and Female Rats Frontiers in Neuroanatomy · 2022 · 1 citations
    27. Pediatric adrenocortical carcinoma complicated by uric acid nephrolithiasis: a unique case report BMC Urology · 2025
    28. A Large Benign Adrenocortical Adenoma Cosecreting Testosterone and Cortisol JCEM case reports · 2024
    29. Neuroimmunology of Stress: Skin Takes Center Stage Journal of Investigative Dermatology · 2006 · 375 citations
    30. Recent advances in the molecular mechanisms determining tissue sensitivity to glucocorticoids: novel mutations, circadian rhythm and ligand-induced repression of the human glucocorticoid receptor BMC Endocrine Disorders · 2014 · 62 citations