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    Glossary Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis

    regulates stress response through hormone release from brain and adrenal glands

    The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis is a complex network involving the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal glands, which work together to regulate the body's response to stress. When you encounter stress, the hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), prompting the pituitary gland to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which in turn stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol, a key stress hormone. This system plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and can impact various bodily functions, including immune response and metabolism.

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    1. Qiviut cortisol reflects hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activity in muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) General and comparative endocrinology · 2021 · 7 citations
    2. Involvement of neurosteroids in the control of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in pregnant sheep under basal and stressful conditions Theriogenology · 2021 · 4 citations
    3. Faculty Opinions recommendation of Hair cortisol levels as a retrospective marker of hypothalamic-pituitary axis activity throughout pregnancy: comparison to salivary cortisol. Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · 2011
    4. Hair cortisol: an indicator of HPA activity in relation to environmental perception in New Zealand White rabbit. CINECA IRIS Institutial Research Information System (University of Genoa) · 2012
    5. Hair loss and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis activity in captive rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). PubMed · 2014 · 28 citations
    6. Sex differences in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis’ response to stress: an important role for gonadal hormones Neuropsychopharmacology · 2019 · 197 citations
    7. Extraction and Analysis of Cortisol from Human and Monkey Hair Journal of Visualized Experiments · 2014 · 101 citations
    8. Correlation of cortisol in 1-cm hair segment with salivary cortisol in human: hair cortisol as an endogenous biomarker Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) · 2011 · 80 citations
    9. Time course of cortisol loss in hair segments under immersion in hot water Clinica Chimica Acta · 2011 · 76 citations
    10. Corticotropin releasing hormone and the skin Frontiers in bioscience · 2006 · 137 citations
    11. Bibliometric Study of Adaptogens in Dermatology: Pharmacophylogeny, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacological Mechanisms Drug Design Development and Therapy · 2023 · 1 citations
    12. Mäklare tjugofyrasju : En studie om hur mäklare lyckas kombinera arbete och familjeliv Theriogenology · 2014
    13. The profile of steroid hormones in human fetal and adult ovaries Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology · 2024 · 11 citations
    14. Cortisol determination in hair and faeces from domestic cats and dogs General and Comparative Endocrinology · 2007 · 199 citations
    15. Radiolabel validation of cortisol in the hair of rhesus monkeys Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2018 · 50 citations
    16. Hair Cortisol: A Biomarker of Chronic Stress in Animals and its Association with Reproduction Animal Reproduction Update · 2023
    17. Scalp hair cortisol concentration in patients with alopecia areata and correlate its level with the disease variables International Journal of Dermatology Venereology and Leprosy Sciences · 2025
    18. Generalised Glucocorticoid Resistance US endocrinology · 2008
    19. Targeting the pre-receptor metabolism of cortisol as a novel therapy in obesity and diabetes The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · 2010 · 70 citations
    20. Neuroendocrine Perspectives in Alopecia Areata: Does Stress Play a Role? Journal of Investigative Dermatology · 2009 · 69 citations
    21. Neurosteroidogenesis Is Required for the Physiological Response to Stress: Role of Neurosteroid-Sensitive GABA<sub>A</sub>Receptors Journal of Neuroscience · 2011 · 248 citations
    22. Neuroendocrinology of the hair follicle: principles and clinical perspectives Trends in Molecular Medicine · 2014 · 98 citations
    23. Age-related changes in endogenous glucocorticoids, gonadal steroids, endocannabinoids and their ratios in plasma and hair from the male C57BL/6 mice General and comparative endocrinology · 2020 · 11 citations
    24. Parity-related variation in cortisol concentrations in hair during pregnancy and in the postpartum period: a prospective cohort study Authorea (Authorea) · 2020
    25. Stress Hormone and Skin Disease InTech eBooks · 2011 · 2 citations
    26. Central Opioid Inhibition of Neuroendocrine Stress Responses in Pregnancy in the Rat Is Induced by the Neurosteroid Allopregnanolone Journal of Neuroscience · 2009 · 123 citations
    27. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Early Detection in the Adolescent Clinical obstetrics and gynecology · 2007 · 50 citations
    28. Sindrom policističnih jajnika - izazovi i mogućnosti liječenja Repozitorij Farmaceutsko-biokemijskog fakulteta (Sveučilišta u Zagrebu) · 2019
    29. The local hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in cultured human dermal papilla cells BMC Molecular and Cell Biology · 2020 · 9 citations
    30. Involvement of the central hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in hair growth and melanogenesis among different mouse strains PLoS ONE · 2018 · 6 citations