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Women with PCOS and polycystic ovaries have higher male hormone levels and more insulin resistance, especially if they are overweight.

Low SHBG and high FAI, FT, and DHEAS levels are effective in identifying PCOS.

People who carry the 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency gene are not more likely to have excessive male hormone levels.

The study concluded that androstendione and DHEA are important for diagnosing high male hormone levels in women with excessive hair growth.

The chapter explains the causes of excessive hair growth and masculinization in women and how to measure hormone levels related to these conditions.

The research found that measuring androgens in urine can give extra information about body metabolism and is linked to androgen levels in the blood, especially in young girls.

Lifestyle changes can improve body composition, excess male hormone levels, and insulin resistance in women with PCOS.

Testosterone replacement can help women with low libido and mood, but they need to have enough estrogen first to avoid side effects.

The conclusion is that standardizing testosterone measurement methods is essential for better diagnosis accuracy in women.

Nearly half of the studied men with long COVID had low testosterone, including younger men.

Testosterone therapy can help women with androgen deficiency by improving energy, sex drive, and bone health with few side effects.

The most common skin issues in females with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) are excessive hair growth, hair loss, oily skin, acne, dark skin patches, and skin tags, which may be linked to hormone and insulin levels.

Insulin-sensitizing drugs like metformin can help with ovulation, weight loss, and lower testosterone in some women with PCOS.

Testosterone in older women can increase bone density, muscle mass, fat mass, improve memory, and boost libido, but may cause nipple color changes.

Older men with high total testosterone might not show symptoms, while younger men with hyperandrogenism may experience hair loss or acne.

Testosterone therapy can help postmenopausal women with low sexual desire but needs more safety research and should be used with estrogen therapy.

Acne significantly affects mental health and quality of life, with research suggesting hormonal and genetic factors in its development and emphasizing early treatment to prevent scarring.

Metformin and thiazolidinediones are similarly effective for PCOS, but metformin is often preferred due to fewer side effects.

Metformin lowers prolactin in women without PCOS but not in those with PCOS, where it reduces other hormones instead.

The conclusion is that adult males with muscle weakness and hormonal imbalances should be tested for Kennedy's disease.

No significant hormone differences found in postmenopausal women with androgenetic alopecia.

Measuring androstanediol glucuronide in blood is useful for assessing and tracking treatment in women with excessive hair growth.

The document describes a treatment for excessive hair growth in a teenage girl using medication and birth control, but does not report the results.

Birth control pills can cause skin issues but may help with acne and hirsutism, and choosing the right type can minimize side effects.

The guide recommends specific methods for diagnosing PCOS and various treatments for its symptoms, while considering the health impacts on adolescents.

The conclusion is that managing androgen excess requires long-term treatment, including hormonal contraceptives and androgen blockers, with follow-up after six months.

The document concludes that accurate measurement of serum androgens is crucial for diagnosing hyperandrogenism.

Men with coeliac disease may have hormone imbalances that could affect sexual function, but these can improve with better gut health.

A combination of desogestrel and ethinyl oestradiol effectively reduces hair growth in hirsute women.

Metabolic syndrome and PCOS are related but separate conditions, with metabolic syndrome increasing the risk of heart disease and diabetes.