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Genetic defects in testosterone production can cause hormonal and developmental disorders, and more research is needed to understand androgen regulation and develop safer treatments.

Late diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia can greatly affect physical development, gender identity, and sexual health.

A girl with Denys-Drash syndrome was misdiagnosed due to biotin affecting her hormone test results.

A new gene variant in the DSP gene is linked to a unique type of hair loss.

PCOS patients, especially obese ones, often lack vitamin D and may need supplements and lifestyle changes.

The safety and effectiveness of gender-affirming treatments for children are uncertain, with potential long-term risks like infertility.

Addressing underrepresentation in Parkinson's research is crucial for better treatments and understanding.

Air Vice-Marshal Sir Ralph Jackson significantly advanced dialysis technology in the UK.

A 10-year-old boy with abnormal genital development had surgery and tests to find the cause and plan treatment.

Gender identity can be more diverse than just male or female.

The document concludes that patient outcomes for Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia are often not ideal because of poor management and a need for better diagnosis and treatment methods.

Testosterone undecanoate safely and effectively increased penis size in male children with 5-alpha-reductase deficiency.

A new genetic change causing early stop in the androgen receptor gene was found in a patient with androgen insensitivity syndrome.

Mice without the enzyme HSD17B3 still produce normal testosterone, suggesting they have different ways to make it compared to humans.

Understanding how DHT works is important for diagnosing and treating hormone-related disorders.

There are various effective hormone treatments for puberty induction in boys and girls with hypogonadism, and starting treatment early is important.

More research is needed on the health effects of hormone therapy for transgender and nonbinary people.

Testosterone therapy helps boys with hormone deficiencies develop normal male characteristics and grow properly.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) in teenagers is a complex condition linked to genetics and environment, often associated with obesity and insulin resistance, and is treated with lifestyle changes and medication.

RSPO1 mutations in certain patients lead to skin cells that don't develop properly and are more likely to become invasive, increasing the risk of skin cancer.

The guideline provides healthcare professionals in South Africa with instructions for comprehensive, multidisciplinary gender-affirming care, including HIV prevention and treatment for transgender and gender diverse individuals.

Treating non-classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia is complex because the benefits of hormone treatment must be weighed against potential health risks.

A 20-year-old woman with a rare form of Turner syndrome showed improvement with hormonal therapy and needs comprehensive care.

Radiotherapy is a good option when further surgery for skin cancer isn't preferred, but more research is needed to compare it with other methods.

Gender-affirming hormone therapy improves physical performance in trans men to the level of cisgender men, while in trans women, it increases fat mass and decreases muscle mass, with no advantage in physical performance after 2 years.

Androgen treatment with dihydrotestosterone may help maintain height in patients with 5-α-reductase type 2 deficiency, especially before puberty.

COVID-19 may harm male reproductive health and lower testosterone levels, potentially affecting fertility and causing erectile dysfunction. More research is needed.

Conditions affecting sex development show that sexual diversity is a natural part of human variation.

The document concludes that dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis are linked to inflammation and skin changes, and treating them with specific shampoos can reduce these issues.

Effective dandruff treatment requires delivering antifungal agents to the scalp follicular infundibulum.