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Dutasteride and finasteride may reduce sperm count and volume but don't affect movement or shape; effects are reversible after stopping.

Women with PCOS are more likely to have impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes, especially if they are Asian or obese.

Biotinidase deficiency has various symptoms and can be treated with biotin supplements.

Erectile dysfunction is increasingly common in men under 40, with many physical and psychological causes, and various treatment options available.

Oestrogens are key for bone growth during puberty in both boys and girls.

Women with PCOS have a higher risk of diabetes and heart problems, especially when they get older.

Antiandrogens are somewhat effective in reducing excessive hair growth in women.

Lupus affects the body and skin, causing joint pain and skin issues that can be treated with steroids and antimalarial drugs.

The conclusion is that Treg-targeted therapies have potential, but more knowledge of Treg biology is needed for effective treatments, including for cancer.

Surgeons must understand the full care process for gender confirmation surgery to help transgender individuals effectively.

Isotretinoin effectively treats severe acne and similar conditions, but has common, mostly reversible side effects, requiring careful patient monitoring.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome likely starts in childhood and may be genetic and influenced by early hormone exposure.

Men's sensitivity to male hormones might affect how severe COVID-19 gets for them.

Fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling controls cell development and repair, and its malfunction can cause disorders and cancer, but it also offers potential for targeted therapies.

Potassium channel openers are effective in treating heart conditions, high blood pressure, pulmonary diseases, bladder issues, and hair loss, but more selective drugs are needed.

The AUTS2 gene is linked to neurological disorders and may affect human brain development and cognition.

Adult female acne treatment should be personalized, considering individual preferences and pregnancy, using various topical and oral medications while managing side effects and resistance.

Women with PCOS are more than twice as likely to develop nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Hair, teeth, and mammary glands develop similarly at first but use different genes later.

Oral retinoids are effective for various skin conditions but have side effects and should not be used during pregnancy.

The document concludes that proper diagnosis and a combination of medical, hair-care, and surgical treatments are important for managing alopecia in black women.

A genetic region near the PAX1 gene is linked to a higher risk of scoliosis in females.

5α-reductase is essential for male sexual development and its inhibitors have potential in treating various conditions related to hormone action.

Hair elemental analysis could be useful for health and exposure assessment but requires more standardization and research.

Women with type 1 diabetes often have polycystic ovary syndrome and excess male hormones, which are frequently undiagnosed.

Mutations in the PADI3 gene are linked to a higher risk of scarring hair loss in women of African descent.

The conclusion is that early diagnosis and a multi-system treatment approach are crucial for managing PCOS and its associated health risks.

All-trans retinoic acid causes hair loss by increasing TGF-β2 in hair follicle cells.

Finasteride improves hair loss in women with hyperandrogenism.

Eating 500 fewer calories a day and making lifestyle changes can improve PCOS symptoms and reduce diabetes risk; more research is needed on its causes and treatments.