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GlossaryCD4+ T cells

specialized white blood cells that coordinate immune responses

CD4+ T cells, also known as T helper cells, are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system. They help coordinate the body's response to infections by signaling other immune cells, such as B cells and cytotoxic T cells, to perform their functions. These cells are essential for mounting an effective immune response and are notably targeted by HIV, which can lead to a weakened immune system.

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research Skin CD4+ memory T cells exhibit combined cluster-mediated retention and equilibration with the circulation

155 citations , May 2016 in “Nature communications”

Memory T cells in the skin balance staying put and moving into the blood, clustering around hair follicles, and increasing in number after infection.

research 035 Expansion of bacterial phosphatidylglycerol reactive CD4+ T cells in atopic dermatitis

May 2021 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

People with atopic dermatitis have more CD4+ T cells that respond to a certain bacterial lipid, which may play a role in the skin condition's inflammation.

research Idiopathic CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia

27 citations , September 1992 in “The Lancet”

ICL is a condition with low CD4+ T cells like AIDS but not caused by HIV, and normal CD4+ T cell counts may vary between men and women.

research Cutting Edge: Memory Regulatory T Cells Require IL-7 and Not IL-2 for Their Maintenance in Peripheral Tissues

140 citations , May 2013 in “The journal of immunology/The Journal of immunology”

Memory regulatory T cells need IL-7, not IL-2, to stay in peripheral tissues.

Astilbin Activates the Reactive Oxidative Species/PPARγ Pathway to Suppress Effector CD4+ T Cell Activities via Direct Binding With Cytochrome P450 1B1

research Astilbin Activates the Reactive Oxidative Species/PPARγ Pathway to Suppress Effector CD4+ T Cell Activities via Direct Binding With Cytochrome P450 1B1

1 citations , May 2022 in “Frontiers in Pharmacology”

Astilbin can potentially calm overactive immune responses, like in Type 1 Diabetes, by suppressing certain cell activities and reducing inflammation.

research Regulatory T cells in skin

110 citations , August 2017 in “Immunology”

Skin's Regulatory T cells are crucial for maintaining skin health and could be targeted to treat immune-related skin diseases and cancer.

research Stepwise acquisition of unique epigenetic signatures during differentiation of tissue Treg cells

1 citations , December 2022 in “Frontiers in Immunology”

Tissue environment greatly affects the unique epigenetic makeup of regulatory T cells, which could impact autoimmune disease treatment.

research T-Cell Reconstitution after Thymus Xenotransplantation Induces Hair Depigmentation and Loss

7 citations , May 2013 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

T-cell reconstitution after thymus transplantation can cause hair whitening and loss.

research CD80CD86 deficiency disrupts regulatory CD4+FoxP3+T cell homoeostasis and induces autoimmune-like alopecia

6 citations , July 2017 in “Experimental dermatology”

CD80CD86 deficiency causes hair loss by disrupting regulatory T cells.

research 058 Subset analysis of NKG2D+ cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells

May 2023 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

The study suggests that a specific type of immune cell, memory-like NK cells, may increase during active hair loss in Alopecia areata.

research Prevention of Murine Sclerodermatous Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease by Rapamycin

February 2013 in “Biology of blood and marrow transplantation”

Rapamycin increased survival in mice with severe chronic graft-versus-host disease by expanding regulatory T cells.

research DMBA/TPA Treatment Is Necessary for BCC Formation from Patched Deficient Epidermal Cells in Ptch flox/flox CD4Cre +/− Mice

11 citations , October 2014 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Genetic mutation and carcinogen treatment are both needed for skin cancer to develop in these specific mice.

research Developing human fetal skin demonstrates a unique lymphocyte signature

1 citations , June 2020 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)”

Fetal skin has unique immune cells different from adult skin.

Exacerbation of alopecia areata during pegylated interferon alpha-2b and ribavirin therapy, possibly due to the collapse of hair follicle immune privilege

research Exacerbation of alopecia areata during pegylated interferon alpha-2b and ribavirin therapy, possibly due to the collapse of hair follicle immune privilege

10 citations , September 2014 in “European Journal of Dermatology”

A woman's hair loss worsened after starting hepatitis C treatment due to immune changes in her hair follicles.

research Hair(y) Matters in Melanoma Biology

7 citations , May 2020 in “Trends in molecular medicine”

The document concludes that the immune-inhibitory environment of the hair follicle may prevent melanoma development.

Unilateral widespread lichen planus following Blaschko's lines after<i>Mycoplasma pneumoniae</i>infection

research Unilateral widespread lichen planus following Blaschko's lines afterMycoplasma pneumoniaeinfection

1 citations , September 2013 in “The Journal of Dermatology”

An 8-year-old girl developed a rare skin condition in a linear pattern on one side of her body after a lung infection, which improved with treatment.

Hepatitis <scp>C</scp>‐related mixed type vitiligo in a patient with <scp>I</scp>vemark syndrome

research Hepatitis C‐related mixed type vitiligo in a patient with Ivemark syndrome

1 citations , January 2014 in “The Journal of Dermatology”

A patient with Ivemark syndrome developed mixed type vitiligo after a hepatitis C infection, showing different treatment responses and immune cell involvement in the skin.

research 311 Single-cell transcriptomics reveals distinct molecular programs in folliculotropic mycosis fungoides

May 2023 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Folliculotropic mycosis fungoides has unique molecular features and cell interactions that could guide targeted therapy.

584 Dandruff is associated with perturbations of hair follicle immune privilege, and the infundibular and epidermal immune microenvironment

research 584 Dandruff is associated with perturbations of hair follicle immune privilege, and the infundibular and epidermal immune microenvironment

December 2022 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Dandruff is linked to changes in the immune system of hair follicles and skin.

research 1455 Cutaneous wounds healed at the cost of overall fitness in the aged Balb/C mouse model

May 2018 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Older mice healed wounds better but lost more weight and might have weaker immune systems afterward.

research Identification of Distinct Immune Signatures and Chemokine Networks in Scalp Inflammatory Diseases

June 2023 in “Research Square (Research Square)”

Different immune responses cause hair loss in scalp diseases, with unique patterns in scalp psoriasis possibly protecting against hair loss.

research Mathematical model for alopecia areata

6 citations , September 2015 in “Journal of theoretical biology”

The model showed that immune system guardians and the cytokine interferon-γ are key in alopecia areata progression.

research Identification of Immune Microenvironment Changes, Immune-Related Pathways and Genes in Male Androgenetic Alopecia

March 2023 in “Research Square (Research Square)”

Immune changes and specific genes contribute to male hair loss.

research 218 Chemokine receptor CCR5 is the novel target for the treatment of alopecia areata

September 2016 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Blocking the CCR5 receptor may be a new way to treat hair loss from alopecia areata.

research First use of thymus transplantation therapy for FOXN1 deficiency (nude/SCID): a report of 2 cases

103 citations , January 2011 in “Blood”

Thymus transplantation successfully restored immune function in infants with FOXN1 deficiency.

research Alopecia areata in a renal transplant recipient on cyclosporin

12 citations , November 1996 in “Australasian journal of dermatology”

A kidney transplant patient on cyclosporin experienced unexpected severe hair loss, which improved with treatment adjustments.

research Regulatory T-Cells: Potential Regulator of Tissue Repair and Regeneration

188 citations , March 2018 in “Frontiers in Immunology”

Regulatory T-cells are important for healing and regenerating tissues in various organs by controlling immune responses and aiding stem cells.

research Regulatory T Cells: the Many Faces of Foxp3

125 citations , September 2019 in “Journal of Clinical Immunology”

Foxp3 is crucial for regulatory T cell function, and targeting these cells may help treat immune disorders.

research Imbalance of T‐helper 17 and regulatory T cells in patients with alopecia areata

62 citations , June 2015 in “The Journal of Dermatology”

People with alopecia areata have more Th17 cells and fewer Treg cells, which may be key to the condition's development.

research Human αβ and γδ T Cells in Skin Immunity and Disease

83 citations , June 2018 in “Frontiers in immunology”

Certain types of T cells are essential for healthy skin and play a role in skin diseases, but more research is needed to improve treatments.