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The 2023 guideline advises a detailed approach for PCOS, focusing on early detection, lifestyle and medical treatments, and managing health risks.

Levothyroxine is less effective in men with early-onset male-pattern baldness.

Metformin lowers prolactin in women without PCOS but not in those with PCOS, where it reduces other hormones instead.

The testosterone patch and gel are both effective, but they have different absorption patterns and effects on hormone levels.

Postmenopausal women with hyperandrogenism didn't have better metabolic health even after their testosterone levels became normal.

Men with advanced liver disease and high oestrone and low testosterone levels have worse health outcomes.

The Endocrine Society advised against routine testosterone therapy for women, citing a need for more research on long-term safety and a clear definition of androgen deficiency.

The guidelines advise against using testosterone and DHEA in women for most conditions due to safety and effectiveness concerns, but suggest considering testosterone for postmenopausal women with low sexual desire.

A man with testotoxicosis was fertile despite low FSH levels, suggesting high testosterone may allow sperm production without FSH.

Testosterone therapy can improve sexual function in women but long-term safety is unclear.

Venous catheterization may help diagnose the cause of female hyperandrogenism when imaging is unclear.

Testosterone's effects on COVID-19 are unclear and need more research.

Hirsutism is more linked to high androgen levels than acne or hair loss, and a mix of hormonal tests is best for diagnosis; certain treatments can reduce symptoms.

Testosterone can help premenopausal and postmenopausal women with low sexual desire, but its long-term safety is unclear and it's not widely approved for this use.

The document concludes that hormonal biomarkers are key for diagnosing hyperandrogenemia in women and hypogonadism in men.

PCOS is a complex condition that affects women's hormonal balance and metabolism, requiring lifestyle changes and medical management.

Testosterone replacement is recommended for men with low testosterone levels and symptoms of hypogonadism.

The document concludes that using LC-MS/MS for measuring androgens is more accurate than older methods, but it needs careful validation and standardized references to be most effective.

Spironolactone might cause painful intercourse and decreased sexual arousal in women.

Spironolactone may cause sexual pain and arousal issues in women, which can improve after stopping the drug and using hormone cream.

Androgen therapy might help some women with low libido, but it has risks and should be used carefully.

More research is needed to understand how testosterone is maintained in adult males.

Resveratrol improved hormone levels, menstrual cycles, hair loss, and ovarian function in PCOS patients.

A 71-year-old woman developed male-like features due to high testosterone levels caused by a benign ovarian tumor, which was successfully removed by surgery.

Wait 3 months after COVID-19 before trying assisted reproduction and further research is needed on COVID-19's effects on male hormones and fertility.

Managing oxidative stress might help treat low testosterone and related chronic diseases in aging men.

The case showed the need for quick investigation of virilization in women and how emotional health is linked to physical health.

Non-hormonal treatments should be used first for sexual dysfunction in postmenopausal breast cancer patients on aromatase inhibitors, with hormones as a second option.

Androgens are important for female fertility and could help in IVF treatment, but also play a role in causing PCOS.

Girls with PCOS have higher levels of certain androgens, which are linked to excess hair growth, but these androgens don't help diagnose PCOS.