January 2018 in “Practical diabetes” In this study, leflunomide was effective in treating rheumatoid arthritis, showing comparable efficacy to methotrexate and greater response rates than sulfasalazine, but has significant side effects that require monitoring.
November 2025 in “The Journal of Dermatology” In this case report, a Japanese woman with both atopic dermatitis and alopecia areata showed improvement in both conditions following treatment with nemolizumab.
1 citations
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January 2020 in “IRIS UNIMORE (University of Modena and Reggio Emilia)” This study found that Aminexil clinical 5 significantly reduced hair loss in men and women with mild alopecia and was well tolerated with high subject satisfaction.
4 citations
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September 2025 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology”
In this study, researchers optimized the soft drug AR antagonist 14-P1 to create candidate 39, which demonstrated effective AR antagonism and safety in a hair-growth mouse model, showing similar efficacy to pyrilutamide but with quicker onset and a lower risk of systemic toxicity.
3 citations
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May 2017 in “Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters” This study identified compounds 11d and 11k as potential dual 5α-reductase inhibitors and AR antagonists with significant anti-proliferative effects on prostate cancer cell lines, suggesting they may offer therapeutic value.
July 2026 in “Frontiers in Immunology” In this case report, a 28-year-old male with severe atopic dermatitis, prurigo nodularis-like lesions, and alopecia areata showed rapid improvements in skin and hair following treatment with the JAK1 inhibitor, ivarmacitinib, suggesting its potential benefit for complex AD phenotypes with immune-mediated hair loss.
52 citations
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December 2014 in “Journal of Dermatological Science” Apremilast may help treat hair loss in alopecia areata.
4 citations
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August 2021 in “Annals of Translational Medicine” In this study, dihydroartemisinin reduced prostate enlargement and related markers in a rat model of benign prostatic hyperplasia, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent.
20 citations
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September 1983 in “Archives of dermatology” This study observed that minimal doses of the arotinoid RO 13-6298 successfully treated two cases of severe psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis unresponsive to traditional therapies, despite some side effects.
14 citations
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January 2025 in “Journal of Dermatological Treatment” In this multicenter retrospective study, 61.5% of Italian patients with severe alopecia areata achieved significant hair improvement after 52 weeks of treatment with baricitinib, with no major safety issues reported, indicating long-term effectiveness in a real-world setting.
January 2023 in “Pharmaceutics” In this study, researchers developed a new topical atraric acid formulation, AA-TF#15, which showed a significantly higher drug penetration and increased hair regrowth in mice compared to minoxidil and finasteride treatments, suggesting its potential effectiveness for treating scalp androgenic alopecia.
2 citations
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June 2021 in “Immunopathologia Persa” This study observed that among Iranian patients with rheumatoid arthritis, methotrexate treatment was discontinued or reduced in nearly half of the cases due to side effects such as nausea, flu-like symptoms, hepatotoxicity, and hair loss, with hepatotoxicity linked to higher doses and longer treatment duration.
June 2017 in “Poster presentations” In this study, the safety profiles of four treatments for early rheumatoid arthritis were assessed over one year, and the most serious side effects necessitating treatment discontinuation were noted in the leflunomide group, whereas no such withdrawals occurred in the methotrexate plus prednisolone group.
1 citations
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August 2021 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology” In this study, baricitinib treatment led to significant regrowth of scalp, eyebrow, and eyelash hair in alopecia areata patients compared to placebo, with higher effectiveness seen at the 4-mg dose.
May 2023 in “Blood cancer discovery” This study found that Finasteride significantly reduced the proliferation of acute myeloid leukemia cell lines by inhibiting androgen receptor activity.
5 citations
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October 2022 in “British Journal of Dermatology” This study reports that two phase III trials demonstrated the effectiveness of the oral Janus kinase inhibitor baricitinib at 2 mg or 4 mg daily for treating severe alopecia areata in adults, marking a potential advance in managing this condition.
April 2023 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” In this study, a novel AR protein degrader was shown to reverse DHT-induced hair regrowth delay in a mouse model of androgenetic alopecia, with minimal circulation and potential side effects.
November 2025 in “SKIN The Journal of Cutaneous Medicine” This study found that approximately 85% of adults with severe alopecia areata who responded to baricitinib at 52 weeks maintained their improvement over a span of four years.
December 2025 in “Pharmaceutics” In this study, araliadiol, a plant-derived compound, exhibited senomorphic effects in three dermal fibroblast senescence models, suggesting its potential as a topical treatment to mitigate skin aging by reducing certain senescence-related markers and increasing procollagen type I content.
This study found that baricitinib, a selective Janus kinase inhibitor, led to significantly improved scalp coverage in alopecia areata patients over 36 weeks compared to placebo, though adverse effects like acne and urinary tract infections were reported.
3 citations
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September 2022 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology” In this study, baricitinib treatment for severe alopecia areata showed similar safety and led to hair regrowth improvements independent of atopic background, with 40.8% of patients with atopy achieving a significant response compared to 30.2% without atopy when using a 4 mg dose.
March 2008 in “The Knowledge Bank (The Ohio State University)” This study found that AR-007 degrades faster and has a stronger association with hsp70 than AR-014, suggesting it is less stable when bound to the androgen receptor.
March 2026 in “Clinical Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology” In this case study, treatment with the selective JAK1 inhibitor upadacitinib significantly improved symptoms in a patient with refractory alopecia areata, vitiligo, ankylosing spondylitis, and allergic asthma-nasal syndrome, though a transient liver function abnormality was noted.
In this retrospective study, researchers found that baricitinib was effective for treating moderate to severe alopecia areata, with response rates in 24 patients comparable to existing real-world data, and no new safety concerns were identified.
July 2025 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” Leflunomide may reduce the risk of alopecia areata, while methotrexate, cyclosporine, and rituximab may increase it.
1 citations
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April 2019 in “Reumatología Clínica (English Edition)” In this systematic review and meta-analysis, researchers found that methotrexate and leflunomide have similar efficacy for rheumatoid arthritis as first-line treatments, but methotrexate offered a greater reduction in swollen joints, while leflunomide was more associated with liver enzyme increases and fewer gastrointestinal side effects.
November 2025 in “SKIN The Journal of Cutaneous Medicine” In this study on adolescents with severe alopecia areata, baricitinib treatment showed effective scalp, eyebrow, and eyelash regrowth after 52 weeks, benefiting both responders and partial or non-responders, potentially reducing the psychosocial impact of the disease.
1 citations
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June 2013 in “Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases” This study observed that while all DMARD regimens had similar safety profiles, the leflunomide group experienced the most serious side effects leading to therapy discontinuation.
1 citations
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July 2026 in “Dermatology and Therapy” In this study, JAK inhibitors for treating alopecia areata and atopic dermatitis were generally well tolerated in a real-world setting, with most adverse events being mild or moderate and rare serious cases resembling the general population incidence.