May 2025 in “International Journal of Reproduction Contraception Obstetrics and Gynecology” In this case report, the researchers described a postmenopausal woman with androgenic symptoms who was found to have a benign Leydig cell tumor of the left ovary, indicated by elevated testosterone levels and MRI findings, which was successfully treated with surgery.
1540 citations
,
October 2008 in “Fertility and Sterility” This review discusses the definition of polycystic ovary syndrome proposed by the AE-PCOS Society Task Force, emphasizing hyperandrogenism, ovarian dysfunction, and excluding related disorders, while noting potential variations needing more research.
21 citations
,
April 1995 in “Mayo Clinic Proceedings” This case study describes a testosterone-secreting adrenal adenoma in a 55-year-old woman, highlighting the presence of Reinke's crystalloids, suggesting that Leydig cells may play a role in such tumors.
March 2023 in “Bagcılar medical bulletin” This case report highlights a rare diagnosis of an androgen-secreting adrenal tumor in a patient with hyperandrogenism and virilization symptoms, emphasizing the role of gynecologists in early detection.
This review discusses the clinical forms and causes of androgenization in women, as well as therapeutic options, reporting success with antiandrogens like cyproterone acetate and spironolactone for skin symptoms, though results are not permanent.
14 citations
,
December 2010 in “Seminars in Oncology” This review discusses the diagnostic challenges of androgen and estrogen-secreting adrenal tumors and highlights that the presence of metastases is the most reliable indicator of malignancy; it reports no new clinical findings.
195 citations
,
May 2003 in “Obstetrics and gynecology (New York. 1953. Online)/Obstetrics and gynecology” This review discusses the diagnosis and treatment of hirsutism, emphasizing that a systematic evaluation can determine its cause, while combination therapy effectively manages the condition for most patients.
35 citations
,
March 2012 in “Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes” This article discusses various causes of hyperandrogenism in women and highlights diagnostic considerations for conditions such as PCOS, NCCAH, Cushing's disease, and androgen-secreting tumors, without reporting new clinical results.
19 citations
,
July 2013 in “The obstetrician & gynaecologist” This review discusses diagnostic criteria for polycystic ovary syndrome and highlights the challenges and risks of misdiagnosing women with other hyperandrogenism causes; it reports no clinical results.
16 citations
,
February 2018 in “European Journal of Endocrinology” This review discusses the challenges in measuring testosterone for assessing androgen excess in women and emphasizes the importance of quality control in laboratory methods, but it reports no new clinical results.
14 citations
,
July 1987 in “Dermatologic Clinics” This article reviews current evaluation and treatment options for androgenic alopecia in women and reports no new clinical results.
13 citations
,
June 1989 in “Pediatric clinics of North America/The Pediatric clinics of North America” This article reviews assessment and management strategies for adolescent females with excessive hair growth and highlights the importance of evaluating potential androgen sources.
12 citations
,
December 2016 in “PubMed” This review discusses causes, diagnostic guidelines, and management strategies for hirsutism, highlighting the need for appropriate evaluations and treatment considerations in different patient populations, but reports no new clinical results.
12 citations
,
May 2005 in “Current obstetrics and gynaecology/Current obstetrics & gynaecology” This review discusses the causes and treatment strategies for hirsutism, emphasizing that combination therapy targeting androgen suppression and hair removal techniques is most effective; no new clinical results are reported.
11 citations
,
August 2019 in “PubMed” This review discusses the causes, evaluation, and treatment options for hirsutism in women, but reports no new clinical results.
11 citations
,
May 2003 in “Obstetrics and gynecology (New York. 1953. Online)/Obstetrics and gynecology” This review explores the evaluation and treatment of hirsutism, emphasizing a systematic approach to uncovering its causes and recommending combination therapies for effective management, but presents no new results.
5 citations
,
March 2001 in “Clinics in Dermatology” This article explores evidence for a rational strategy in the endocrine and metabolic management of patients with excess body hair or scalp loss and reports no new clinical results.
3 citations
,
November 2005 in “Women's health” This narrative review discusses various causes and treatments of hirsutism in women, emphasizing the importance of identifying androgen-secreting tumors, but does not present new study results.
2 citations
,
January 2013 in “Elsevier eBooks” This chapter reviews the causes and underlying steroid pathways of hirsutism and virilization in women, detailing relevant conditions and laboratory assays without reporting new clinical results.
2 citations
,
May 2006 in “Women's Health Medicine” This article discusses polycystic ovary syndrome, describing its diagnostic criteria and noting that it is a common cause of anovulatory infertility and hirsutism, without reporting new research findings.
1 citations
,
December 2025 in “World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences” This review highlights that pediatric hirsutism, often linked to endocrine, metabolic, genetic, or neoplastic disorders, requires comprehensive evaluation to prevent long-term health issues, integrating advancements in androgen biosynthesis understanding and diagnostic and management strategies.
1 citations
,
January 2006 This article reviews the pathophysiology and causes of androgen-mediated hair growth in hirsutism but does not report any clinical outcomes; treatment aspects are discussed separately.
1 citations
,
January 1996 in “Gynecological endocrinology” This article describes a case of severe hyperandrogenism in a 35-year-old woman where high-resolution imaging ruled out tumors, and treatment with cyproterone acetate normalized testosterone levels.
May 2026 in “Annals of Internal Medicine Clinical Cases” This case report describes a postmenopausal woman with androgenic alopecia and progressive hirsutism who, despite normal imaging, had significantly elevated testosterone due to a Leydig cell tumor, revealed after surgical exploration; the condition improved post-surgery, underscoring the importance of considering such tumors in similar presentations.
January 2026 in “JCEM Case Reports” This case study describes two postmenopausal women with severe androgen excess symptoms, diagnosed with ovarian hyperthecosis and stromal hyperplasia, emphasizing the challenges in differentiating these benign conditions from androgen-secreting tumors and the importance of surgical and histopathological evaluation for correct diagnosis and management.
October 2025 in “F1000Research” In this case series, the authors reported that postmenopausal hyperandrogenism should be carefully evaluated to diagnose potential androgen-secreting tumors, with Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors identified as a common cause.
April 2025 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” This study highlights the global prevalence of hirsutism in women and reviews its diagnostic criteria, potential underlying causes like polycystic ovary syndrome, and treatment options, emphasizing the need for tailored, multifaceted management and acknowledging the distress it causes patients.
January 2025 in “Case Reports in Endocrinology” This paper discusses four rare causes of hyperandrogenism in women, emphasizing the importance of detailed biochemical testing and invasive diagnostic tools when imaging fails to identify ovarian tumors.
December 2024 in “AACE Clinical Case Reports” This study highlights a rare case of ovarian hyperthecosis in a 58-year-old postmenopausal woman, presenting with polycythemia and severe hyperandrogenism symptoms, with resolution of symptoms following laparoscopic bilateral oophorectomy.
January 2023 in “Archives of Disease in Childhood Education & Practice” This article describes the causes of hirsutism, introduces a novel assessment tool, and suggests strategies for investigation and management, but provides no new experimental results.