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This study found that overexpression of AKR1C3 in prostate cancer cells redirected androgen metabolism towards testosterone production, which facilitated cell proliferation, potentially reducing the effectiveness of finasteride treatment.

This study found that manipulating AKR1D1 expression in human liver cells effectively regulates glucocorticoid clearance and receptor activation, highlighting its role in liver-specific steroid hormone regulation.

This study found that kukui nut oil (AMS oil) promotes hair growth in human hair follicle cultures by increasing PGF2α levels and activating Nrf2 signaling, and a human trial confirmed its efficacy in enhancing eyelash growth.

This study found that finasteride competitively inhibits the enzyme AKR1D1 with low micromolar affinity but does not act as a mechanism-based inactivator.

AKR1B10 enzyme may cause keloid scars and could be a treatment target.

This study provided the first X-ray crystal structure of the mammalian steroid hormone reductase AKR1D1 and identified a disease-related mutant, P133R, which may impact bile acid metabolism and cause clinical symptoms.

This review examines the patent literature on AKR1C3 inhibitors and suggests that although numerous potent inhibitors exist, further preclinical optimization is necessary before assessing their therapeutic potential in human diseases.

This review discusses the pathways of androgen biosynthesis and reports no new findings, highlighting the need to understand the interplay between the classic and backdoor pathways.

This study identified enzymes responsible for regulating androgen action in the human prostate, suggesting that inhibiting AKR1C2 or RL-HSD may have therapeutic potential in androgen insufficiency or benign prostatic hyperplasia, respectively.

This study found that in rheumatoid arthritis patients, inflammatory macrophages activate steroid metabolism to increase glucocorticoid and androgen production, which helps suppress inflammation and attenuate hyperproliferation in synovial fibroblasts, with notable disturbances seen in postmenopausal women due to diminished inactive steroid precursors.

This study identified serum androsterone as a robust biomarker for monitoring response to AKR1C3 inhibitor treatment in women and found that a 4-week administration of aldo-keto reductase 1C3 inhibitors did not impact ovarian function.

This study suggests that AKR1C3 expression may influence PGD2-related pathways in skin squamous cell carcinoma and potentially be involved in androgenetic alopecia, although further investigation is needed to clarify its role.

In this study, HA-P5, a nanoparticle derived from peptide and polysaccharide conjugation, effectively reduced acne lesions and sebum production by inhibiting specific receptors in cells, without triggering unfavorable reactions compared to a commercial inhibitor, highlighting HA-P5's potential as a novel acne treatment.

This study found that androgen inactivation pathways in scalp sebaceous glands change with age, specifically noting that AKR1C expression, including AKR1C4 previously thought liver-specific, declines with age and is sex dependent, which could impact hair follicle health during aging.

This research reported that AKR1C enzyme expression, particularly AKR1C4, in scalp sebaceous glands decreases with age, suggesting potential age-related changes in androgen metabolism affecting hair follicle health. Additionally, sulforaphane treatment increased AKR1C expression in related cell types.

In this study, researchers found that androgen receptor expression and AKR1C-mediated androgen inactivation, including AKR1C4, are prominent in scalp sebaceous glands, with AKR1C expression decreasing with age and differing by sex, suggesting these changes may impact hair follicle health as people age.

This study showed that regulation of adipose androgen generation via AKR1C3 may contribute to a cycle of hyperinsulinaemia and lipid accumulation in women with PCOS.

This study found that mosaic mutations in the CARD14 gene are linked to inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal naevus in two patients, who experienced significant improvement with the IL12/IL23 inhibitor Ustekinumab.

This study found that the bioconjugate nanoparticle HA-P5 significantly alleviated acne and reduced sebum production by inhibiting key signaling pathways without inducing unwanted protein expression that hinders acne treatment.

This study found that two novel nonsteroidal derivatives inhibited specific enzymes in vitro and in vivo, leading to dihydrotestosterone accumulation in androgen-dependent glands, suggesting potential therapeutic use for mood improvement in the elderly.

This study found that uric acid-linked microvascular dysfunction may play a role in alopecia areata, suggesting that targeting endothelial function and uric acid regulation could be a potential management strategy.

This study found that prostaglandin D2 increases testosterone production in human keratinocytes through a mechanism involving ROS and REDOX potential, which could inform treatments for androgenic alopecia.

This study found that the hair interior defect in AKR/J mice is linked to a mutation in the Soat1 gene, which disrupts SOAT1 protein expression and affects lipid metabolism critical for normal hair formation.

In this study, PGD2 treatment in keratinocytes increased testosterone production via reactive oxygen species, suggesting a potential role for the NRF2 pathway in androgenic alopecia treatment strategies.

This study investigated the metabolic pathways of epristeride, a new Type II 5α‐reductase inhibitor, using in vitro models and found that its metabolites show significant interactions with key proteins, suggesting implications for its role in doping control.

This study suggests that PGD2 may increase testosterone production in keratinocytes through oxidative stress pathways, with n-acetyl-cysteine blocking this effect.

This study found that prostaglandin metabolism enzymes are present in human hair follicles, suggesting a potential role in hair growth and differentiation, with some expression differences between men and women.

This review discusses the current understanding of androgen biosynthesis, mechanisms of action, and their roles in human biology, as well as related congenital and acquired disorders, but it reports no new research findings.

This review discusses the role of the androgen receptor in breast cancer diagnosis and treatment, and notes a lack of new research results on its therapeutic potential.

This review summarizes recent research and patents on 17β-HSD3, 17β-HSD5, and 3α-HSD3 inhibitors, suggesting their potential in treating androgen-dependent diseases, but reports no new clinical results.