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The document concludes that identifying the cause of amenorrhea is crucial for proper treatment.

Androgens like testosterone are important hormones for both men and women, made differently in each sex and affecting the body by regulating genes and quick interactions with cell components.

Amenorrhea is when a woman doesn't have periods, with primary amenorrhea starting by age 15 or within five years of breast development, and secondary amenorrhea when periods stop for three months. It affects 3-4% of women not pregnant, breastfeeding, or in menopause, mainly due to polycystic ovary syndrome, hypothalamic amenorrhea, hyperprolactinemia, and ovarian failure.

Amenorrhea, or the absence of periods, should be evaluated by age 15 or within five years of early breast development, and is most commonly caused by conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome and hypothalamic amenorrhea.

Ring Chromosome 11 may be linked to conditions like early puberty, excessive hair growth, hair loss, and type 2 diabetes.

Pediatric endocrinologists should provide early fertility counseling and preservation options to young patients at risk of infertility.

Conditions affecting sex development show that sexual diversity is a natural part of human variation.

A 36-year-old person with a female appearance but male chromosomes was diagnosed with a rare enzyme deficiency affecting sexual development.

DSDs are birth conditions causing unusual sex development, managed with personalized care and sometimes surgery, but still lack a standard treatment approach.

A 10-year-old boy with abnormal genital development had surgery and tests to find the cause and plan treatment.

A male with aromatase deficiency improved bone health with estradiol treatment.

A girl with Denys-Drash syndrome was misdiagnosed due to biotin affecting her hormone test results.

The conclusion is that adult males with muscle weakness and hormonal imbalances should be tested for Kennedy's disease.

Finasteride treats baldness but may cause lasting sexual side effects.

Hair loss in women may have multiple causes, and eyebrow regrowth possible with specific injections.

Human hair follicle cells can be successfully transformed into different types of cells, but not more efficiently than other adult cells.

Finasteride effectively treats hair loss and enlarged prostate in men, with mild side effects.

Normal levels of DHT can reduce belly fat and increase muscle, but too much can lead to hair loss, prostate issues, and possibly heart disease.

Ruxolitinib treatment may cause eyelash growth.

Genomic profiling for myeloid cancers can find important inherited mutations, but it's challenging when these mutations aren't related to the patient's symptoms.

Genetic defects in androgen production are linked to male developmental disorders and are improving treatment understanding.

Five new mutations in the androgen receptor gene were found, helping to understand androgen insensitivity syndrome better.

5α-reductase-2 deficiency causes ambiguous genitalia at birth and affects male sexual development, but individuals often develop male characteristics at puberty.

Two new mutations in the AR gene linked to severe androgen insensitivity were found.

Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone treatments can help with penile growth in males with 5α-reductase type 2 deficiency, with dihydrotestosterone being more effective in infancy.

Finasteride use may cause sperm damage and infertility, stopping it can improve sperm health.

Dihydrotestosterone treatment can help penis growth in boys with 5α-reductase deficiency but doesn't fully normalize size after puberty.

A new mutation linked to partial Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome and prostate cancer was found in a patient unhappy with their female gender assignment.

The Endocrine Society advised against routine testosterone therapy for women, citing a need for more research on long-term safety and a clear definition of androgen deficiency.