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The document concludes that accurate diagnosis of male and female gonadal disorders is crucial for effective treatment and better patient outcomes.

Rare ULBP3 gene changes may raise the risk of Alopecia areata, a certain FAS gene deletion could cause a dysfunctional protein in an immune disorder, and having one copy of a specific genetic deletion is okay, but two copies cause sickle cell disease.

More research is needed on the health effects of hormone therapy for transgender and nonbinary people.

Estrogen and prolactin may play bigger roles in female hair loss than previously thought.

Hair loss in women may have causes other than hormones.

New genes and pathways are important for testosterone production and male sexual development.

5α-reductase is essential for male sexual development and its inhibitors have potential in treating various conditions related to hormone action.

Infertile men are more likely to produce sperm with abnormal chromosome numbers, which can affect pregnancy success and embryo health.

5α-reductase inhibitors and alpha-1 adrenergic antagonists together effectively treat benign prostatic hyperplasia, with long-term benefits.

A 2-year-old boy with a rare brain malformation may have Gomez–López-Hernández syndrome.

The document suggests a rare skin condition might be caused by a genetic phenomenon.

The conclusion is that young women with excessive hair growth should be quickly tested for hormonal issues and treated to improve their social well-being.

Certain genetic variants in the androgen receptor are linked to higher PSA levels, potentially affecting prostate cancer screening outcomes.

Addressing underrepresentation in Parkinson's research is crucial for better treatments and understanding.

Air Vice-Marshal Sir Ralph Jackson significantly advanced dialysis technology in the UK.

Diagnosing sex development disorders requires combining medical history, physical exams, imaging, lab tests, and genetic data.

Mutations in the androgen receptor gene cause different levels of androgen insensitivity, making it hard to create simple tests for the condition.

Steroidogenic isoenzymes may help improve treatments for common hair loss.

Early diagnosis and individualized treatment improve outcomes for Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia.

The document says menstruation is important for women's health, discusses menstrual disorders, and suggests personalized treatment options.

More research is needed to understand how testosterone is maintained in adult males.

The document concludes that blocking the internal pathways that create androgens might help treat cancers that depend on sex hormones.

Chromosomal differences affect how muscle cells respond to testosterone.

In Japan, sex reassignment surgery for gender identity disorder faces challenges and needs better medical support and education.

A boy with a new NR5A1 gene mutation has a sex development disorder without affecting his adrenal glands.

A 14-year-old girl with no menstrual period was diagnosed with Swyer Syndrome and treated for a related cancer risk.

Three siblings with a rare genetic condition had abnormal sexual development and chose different gender identities, needing surgery and therapy.

A new genetic change causing early stop in the androgen receptor gene was found in a patient with androgen insensitivity syndrome.

Amenorrhea is relatively rare and initial testing should check FSH, TSH, and prolactin levels.

The document concludes that identifying the cause of amenorrhea is crucial for proper treatment.